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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how many branches must bronchioles have to be respiratory?
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24
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pulmonary ___(1) high in CO2
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arteriole
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any of the small sacs or alveoli that terminate the ducts of some exocrine glands and are lined with secretory cells.
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Acinus
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what do type II alveolar cells do?
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create lipoprotein surfactant
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where does pulmonary diffusion occur?
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alveolar-capillary membrane
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what percentage of pulmonary vessels are filled with blood at any time?
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1/3rd
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Pulmonary artery divides and enters the lungs a tthe __(1)
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(1) hilus
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Each broncus and bronchiole has an accompanying __(1) or __(2).
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(1) artery
(2) arteriole |
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Name the conducting airways
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Upper respiratory tract, larynx, lower respiratory tract
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Name the Gas-exchange airways
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terminal bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli
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Mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs.
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Ventilation
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Another name for total ventilation
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Minute volume
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The amount of fresh inspired air available for gas exchange.
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Alveolar ventilation
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The transfer of gas across the blood-gas barrier: Oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood.
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Diffusion
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Blood flow: systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood.
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Perfusion
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where is the breathing center.
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Brain stem in CNS
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Go through neurological pathway for breathing control
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Stimulus(stretch, irritant, receptors) comes from vagus nerve in lungs to medulla > message sent to lung via phrenic nerve > diaphragm > then intercostal nerve > intercostal muscle.
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What type of breathing is involuntary?
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expiration
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What muscles move ribs up and out?
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External intercostal muscles
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Pressure in lung __(1), and air comes rushing in.
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decreases
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Pressure in lungs __(1), and air is pushed out.
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Increases
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the tendency of the lungs to return to the resting state after inspiration.
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Elastic recoil
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What controls the mechanics of breathing
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Medulla
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the reciprocal of elasticity the measure of lung and chest wall distensibility
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Compliance
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Volume change per unit pressure change.
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Compliance
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What muscles dominate at the end of inspiration?
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external intercostal muscles and diaprhagm
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What muscles dominate at end of expiration?
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none
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What muscles dominate during expiration?
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internal intercostal muscle(diaphragm relaxed)
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does the alveolus expand more easily with a big surface or small surface?
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smaller surface
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What factors determines airway resistance?
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length, radirus, and cross-sectional area of the airways and density, viscosity, and velocity of the gas.
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what determines the WORK of BREATHING?
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muscular effort required for ventilation.
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what is the lung capacity for an average person.
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5-6L
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delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the removal of carbon dioxide.
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Diffusion & perfusion
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how much C02 produced/minute?
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about 200mL
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how many alveoli do we have?
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300-400million
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In which zone is alveolar pressure higher than arterial pressure?
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Zone 1(close to apex)
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In this zone, arterial pressure is higher than ventilation.
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Zone III
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normal process to stop bleeding from damaged, vessel, clot formation
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Hemostasis
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formation of a hemostatic plug inside the vessel
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Thrombosis( forms a thrombus)
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part of thrombus that breaks away and travels in blood and occludes a vessel at another site.
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Embolus
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inactive precursor of a protease that becomes activeated when cleaved-most proteins in coagulation are __(1)
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zymogen
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Plasma minus the critical clotting factor fibrinogen
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Serum
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what is the critical clotting factor
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Serum
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Drug classes classified as Anti-coagulants. Treatment or prevention?
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i.v., s.c. heparin, & oral warfarin(prevention)
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Drug classes classified as anti-platelet agents. Treatment or prevention?
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aspirin, ADP receptor blockers, & antibodies to GPIIB-IIIa(prevention)
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TREATMENT that breaks down thrombi. What drug class?
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Fibrinolytics(thrombolytics)
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Platelet activation and plug formation to stop bleeding - - platelets in circulation.
-Activation of __(1) cascade to form tight 'clot, at site -- circulating clotting factors, most are proteins. -Degradation or __(2) of the clot through activation of __(3) enzymes also in circulation -- fibrinolytic cascade. -Regulation of hemostasis also by circulating proteins -- Antithrombin III, Protein C, Protein S, and Tissue factor pathway inhibitor. |
(1) coagulation
(2) lysis (3) proteolytic |
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Describe platelet role in coagulation cascade. when does coagulation cascade begin? Leads to formation of what?
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Platelets-adhere to site, degranulate, signal to attract more platelets. Coagulation cascade occurs with platelet plugs as scaffold. Coagulation cascade leads to formation of fibrin polymers & actual clot.
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140.000-340,000/mL
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Normal count of platelets
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__(1) % of CO2 is xported by hemoglobin.
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(1) 30% of CO2 is xported by hemoglobin
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Most bicarbonate is in the __(1) of the blood.
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(1) plasma
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A carbinoprotein is when __ binds to __.
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A carbinoprotein is when HEMMAGLOBIN binds to CO2.
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__(1) % of CO2 dissolved in RBC.
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7% of CO2 dissolved in RBC
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What percentage of oxygen is physically dissolved in the blood?
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1.5%
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What percentage of Oxygen in bound to hemoglobin?
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98.5%
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What percentage of carbon dioxide is in the form of bicarbonate in the PLASMA.
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60%
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Is inspiration an active event?
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YES
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dyspnea
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shortness of breath(difficult or labored respiration)
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dyspnea which occurs while laying flat.
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Orthopnea
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Respiratory distress that awakens patients from sleep.
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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GIve the symptoms of these abnormal breathing patterns:
(1) Kussmaul respirations(hyperpnea) (2) Cheyne-Stokes respirations |
(1) rapid breathing
(2) alternating periods of shallow and deep breathing |
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Hypercapnea is a condition caused by __(1).
-What are the characteristics of someone with hypercapnea? |
(1) Hypoventilation
Hypercapnea is a higher percentage of CO2 in blood, resulting in acidosis. Less oxygen |
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__(1) can be a response to acidosis. A condition that causes acidic blood pH levels
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Hyperventilation.
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Hyperventilation itself reduces the __(1) concentration of the blood to below its normal level.
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carbon dioxide
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Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary disease: (5 total)
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(1) Cough
(2) Hemoptysis - coughing up of blood or of blood-stained sputum (3) Cyanosis - a bluish or purplish discoloration (as of skin) due to deficient oxygenation of the blood (4) clubbing - bad circulation, toes or nails enlarged (5) Pain |
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Hypoxemia is...
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decreased OXYGEN in blood
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Acute respiratory failure can be caused by...
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inadequate gas exchange
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What causes a Pulmonary edema?
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excess fluid in the lungs
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Particles/fluid blocking conducting airways is known as...
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Aspiration
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Atelectasis is..
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collapse of the expanded lung
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Bronchiectasis
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chronic dilatation of bronchi or bronchioles
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Inflammation of bronchioles that is most common in children
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Bronchiolitis
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Reduced compliance, last stage of fibrotic diseases
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Bronchiolitis obliterans
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Pulmonary fibrosis is?
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stiffening of the lungs which causes reduced compliance
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flail chest causes?
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hypoventilation
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pleural abnormalities
Pneumothorax: Pleural effusion Empyema |
Pneumothorax: gas b/w plearal space
Plearual effusion: fluid in pleural space or cavity Empyema: puss in pleural space |
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What is pneumoconiosis:
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inorganic particles in lungs
coal works experience this: called black lung |
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allergic alveolitis is caused by?
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inorganic dust
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what is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
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a life threatening condition that causes lung swelling and fluid build up in the air sacs
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what are manifestations of ARDS?
treatments? |
rapid shallow breathing
respiratory alkalosis dyspnea decreased lung compliance unresponsive hypoxemia treatment: mechanical ventilation and PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) to the damaged lung anti coagulant therapy: recombinant human activated protein C (Xigris, Eli Lilly) |
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INFORMATION
Postoperative respiratory failure Manifestations; prevention; treatment |
manifestation: atelectasis, pneumonia; pulmonary edema; pulmonary eboli
prevention: frequent turning; deep breathing; early ambulation; air humidification; incentive spirometry treatment: mechanical ventilation: antibiotics |
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what is obstructive pulmonary disease?
what are some common disorders? |
airway obstruction that is worse with expiration: dyspnea and wheezing
asthma; emphysema; chronic bronchitis |
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What are treatments for obstructive pulmonary diseases?
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bronchodialators (albuterol)
coricosteroids: antibiotics |
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What is chronic bronchitis?
what are the treatments? |
hypersecreation of mucus and chronic productive cough
treatments: bronchodilator and expecorants |
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what is emphysema?
what are the treatments? |
abnormal permanent enlargment of gas exchange airways
treatments: oxygen therapy/mechanical ventilation; bronchodilator; coricosteroid; andtibiotics |
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Pneumonia occurs where and by what?
treatments? |
Pneumonia caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or parasites
treated with antibiotics |
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what are the four types of pneumonia?
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community acquired pneumonia (streptococcus pneumoniae)
hospital aquired pneumonia (nosicomal) Pneumococcal pneumonia Viral pneumonia (influenza) |
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What causes tuberculosis?
treatments? |
mycobacterium tuberculosis
airborne transmission tubercle formation caseous necrosis (conversion of damaged tissue into soft cheeselike substance) positive tuberculin skin test (PPD) antibiotics (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol or streptomycin) |
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what causes acute bronchitits?
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similar syptoms to pneumonia but does not demonstrate pulmonary consolidation and chest infiltrates
treatments: rest, aspirin, humidity, antibiotics (penicillinase-resistant penicillin: staphylococcus) |
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where does pulmonary embolism generally arise from?
what is the Virchow triad? What are treatments for? |
pulmonary emboli commonly arise from the deep veins in the thigh
virchow triad are deep venous thrombosis/DVT treatments: anticoagulation; embolectomy |
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what are treatments for pulmonary and venous hypertension?
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anitcoagulants, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, nitric oxide
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what is Cor Pulmonale?
treatments? |
pulmonary heart disease (right ventricle enlargement
treatmetns: calcium channel blocker, bosentan, prostacyclin |
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Lip cancer effects how many men? what is the most common form? What are the stages?
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1% all men
most common form is lip cancer a blister ---> superficial ulceration ---> bleeding ulceration ----> metastases |
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Laryngeal cancer effects what pecentage of men?
what part of body is effected most? symptoms? |
2-3% of all men
carcinoma of the true vocal cords hoarseness, dyspnea, cough |
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Lung cancer is called what scientifically?
what percentages of all cancers and how many lead to death? causes? |
bronchogenic carcinomas
13% of all cancers; 31% of all lung cancer ends up in death causes: cigarette smoking; environmental or occupational risk factors |
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what is croup?
who is it common in? what is it caused by? It usually occurs after? symptoms? Treatment? |
acute laryngoracheobronchitis
common in children from 6 months to 5 years commonly caused by a virus (parainfluenza, influenza A or respiratory syncytial virus) **causes subglottic edema usually occurs after an episode of rhinorrhea, sore throat, and fever causes seal like barking cough severe cases are treated with nebulized epinephrin |
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what are the differences in spasmodic croup as opposed to regular croup?
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usually in older children
demonsrates sudden onset, usually at night, and with no previous viral illness resolves quickly |
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what is acute epiglottitis?
what is it caused by? what are its manifestations? what is treatment? |
infection of the epiglottis and surrounding area
usually caused by Haemophilus influenza type B HIB vaccination has helped decease incidence high fever, sore throat, inspiratory stridor, and sever repiratory distress emergency airway and antibiotics |
