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80 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What percentage of blood is water and other solutes?
90% water
10% solutes
How much blood is in the human body on average?
6 quarts (5.5 L)
What is the osmolarity of blood?
300mOsmols/L
formed elements such as proteins and cells make up what percentage of blood?
40-45%
Plasma is what percentage of blood?
55-60%
The majority of plasma proteins are produced in the _______?
the liver
Albumins function as _____ and control the ______ which is ______?
carriers

control the plasma oncotic pressure

pressure exerted by proteins in plasma that tend to pull water into circulatory system.
Gobulins are synthesized in the _____ by _____.
lymph nodes

leukocytes
What is the main clotting factor?
fibrinogen
what does transerrin do?

what does ferritin do?
carries and transports iron

iron storage protien
the most abundent cell in the body is ______. These cells lack ____, ____, ____.
erythrocytes

nucleous mitochondria and ribosomes
Erythrocytes have _____ which helps them traverse microcirculation capillaires. They have a _____ life cyle. They can also undergo glycolysis to make _____.
biconcavity

120 day life cycle

ATP
_____ cells help defend agains infection and help remove debris.
Leukocytes
Granulocytes are . . .?

Granulocytes are capable of? (three things)
white blood cells

1. defend against infection
2. contain enzyme capable of destroying microorganisms; inflammatory and immune functions
3. capable of ameboid movement
List the Granular leukocytes

list the agranular leukocytes
basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

lymphocytes, monocytes
The ___ is the largest secondary lymphoid organ. The _____ is full of lymphoid tissue containing macrophages and lymphoid tissue. The ____ store more then 300 mL of blood. It phagocytosises old, damaged, and dead blood cells. It also stores blood.
spleen

splenic pulp
What do the lymph nodes do?
facilitate maturation of lymphocytes

transports lymphatic fluid back to the cirulation

cleanses the lymphatic fluid of microorganisms and foreign particles
In the spleen the ____ are responsible for blood storage while the _____ contain macrophages and macrocytes that cleanse the lymph fluid.
venous sinuses

lymph nodes
_______ stem cells are uncomitted to being one cell type and multiply possibly indefinitely.
pluripotent stem cells
bone marrow is also called _____. There are two types of bone marrow and when blood is needed _____ is converted to _______. Active bone marrow can be found in?
myeloid tissue

yellow -------> red marrow

pelvic bones, vertebrae, cranium, and mandible, sternum and ribs, hmerus and femur
erythrocytes are derived from _____. And maturation is stimulated by ______.
erythroblasts (normoblasts)

erythropoietin
What is the sequence for erythropoiesis?
uncommitted pluipotent stem cell -----> committed proerythroblast -------> normoblast -------> basophilic normoblast -------> polychromatophilic normoblast -------> reticulocyte ------> erythrocyte

in each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the nucleus decreases in size
What is the percent volume of hematocrit (% consisting red blood cells) in M and F
M 42-54%
F 38-46%

M 14-18 g/dL whole blood
F 12-16 g/dL whole blood
_____ is the oxygen carrying protein of erythrocyte. The cytoplasm of erythrocyte carries ___ (looking for # of) these proteins.
hemoglobin

300 hemoglobins
Adult hemoglobin contains what kind of chaings?
2 alpha and 2 beta
Fetal hemoglobins are?
2 alpha and 2 gamma
_____ is the most common type of hemoglobin in adults. A ____ is a large flat Fe disk that is capable of carrying one oxygen molecule. Hemoglobins contain ____ of these groups?
hemoglobin A

heme

4
______ contribute to elasticity, strength, and flexability.
proteins
what vitamins are important in hemoglibin synthesis?

what minerals?
B12, B6, B2, E, and C, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and niacin

iron and copper
What is importance of folate?
slide 20
what percentage of iron is bound to heme and what percentage of iron bound to ferritin?
67%
30%

~ 1mg (3%) is lost in the urine, sweat, epithelial cells, or from the gut
what glycoprotein helps recycle and transport iron?
transferrin
what is apotransferrin?
transferrin without Fe
where is iron absorbed?
duodenum and jejunum
list out the iron cycle
1. Fe released from the gut in complex with Transferrin

2. complex binds to transferrin receptor on erythroblasts and is taken up

3. Fe is released from transferrin and used in Hb synthesis

4. Fe is stored bound to ferritin in resident marrow phagocytes (macrophages)

5. transferrin receptors mediate Fe uptake in other cell types too
Numbers of circulating red cells in healthy individuals remain constant with help of ____.
erythropoietin
______ stimulates the production and release of erythropoietin.
hypoxia
erythropoietin is produced in the peritubular cells of the ____ and causes an increase in _____ production and release from bone marrow.
kidney

red blood cell production
aged rbc sequested and destroyed by macrophages of the _______.
MPS (mononuclear phagocytic system)
prophyrin is reduced to ____ and transported to the _____ and secreted in the _____
bilirubin

liver

bile
_____g of hemoglobin is degraded daily producing ____mg of bilirubin
6 g
200 mg
what happens to erythrocyte life span as humans age?
rbc life normal length but get replaced less frequently
In the coagulation cascade, thrombin & fibrinogen would make...
fibrin
Which comes first?
Platelet Plug(stop bleeding) or coagulation cascade(form fibrin meshwork)
obviously platelet plug
Tissue Factor(TF) complexes with coagulation factor __(1) to initiate __(2)
(1) Factor VII
(2) Coagulation cascade
Coagulation cascade: Two pathways converge with activation of __(1) to __(2)
(1) X
(2) Xa
__(1) cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin that is cross-linked to form meshwork.
(1) Thrombin
Which factors(4) in the coagulation cascade are targeted for drug actions?
II, VII, IX, X
Extrinsic or Intrinsic:
(1) Hemostasis in skeletal muscle and joints.
(2) Hemostasis in brain, lung, placenta, heart and uterus.
(3) LIMIT BLEEDING
(1) Intrinsic
(2) Extrinsic
(3) Extrinsic
In coagulation cascade, this is released by damaged endothelial cells...
TF(tissue throboplastin)
Some tissues that contain a high amount of __(1) complex with FACTOR __(2) to initiate extrinsic pathway.
(1) TF
(2) VIIa
The extrinsic and intrinsic pathway converge at the activation of Factor __(1) and __(2) formation.
(1) X
(2) Thrombin
TF is released with rupture of __(1 and helps propagate __(2) formation at the site.
(1) Plague
(2) Thrombus
Development of Platelets:
Endomitosis is when megakaryocyte undergoes the nuclear phase of cell division but fails to undergo __(1). The megakaryocyte explands due to the doubling of the DNA and breaks up into fragments
(1) Cytokinesis
Platelet levels are maintained by this __(1) (major protein in bone marrow) and this interleukin(2)
(1) thrombopoietin
(2) IL-11
Thromboxane A2(TxA2) is a receptor on the surface of these...
platelets
Platelet Activation by TxA2: Signaling cascade results in the release of Ca++ which activates __(1) causes conformational change.
(1) PLA2
__(1) causes localized vasoconstrictuion and is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and the platelet __(2) release reaction.
(1) TxA2
(2) granule
__(1) binds to GPIIB-IIIa on 2 different platelets.Brings together to form aggregates!!!
(1) fibrinogen
PGI2 decreases both __(1) and (2).
(1) Platelet aggregation
(2) vasoconstriction
cAMP inhibits __(1)
Platelet aggregation
Arachidonic acid is released from the breakdown of __(1)
Phospholipids
Fibrinogen is a substrate for __(1) and linker of platelets via GP__/__(2)
(1) thrombin
(2) GPIIb-IIIa
Arachidonic acid metabolized by __(1) or __(2). (enzymes)
(1) COX
(2) LOX
How would the production of more TxA2 affect aggregation?
Promotes aggregation
Endothelial cell have high __(1) synthase to produce __(2).
(1) PGI2 synthase
(2) Prostacyclin(PGI2)
Platelets have high __(1) synthase to produce __(2).
(1) TxA2 synthase
(2) Thromboxane A2
Thrombin __(1) own receptor to activate __(2). Thrombin also further __(3) platelets.
(1) cleaves
(2) PLC
(3) activates
.Factor IIa can promote __(1).
.Platelets like low __(2) levels to aggregate __(3) substrate 4 thrombin
(1) Platelet aggregation
(2) cAMP
(3) fibrinogen
Heparin on surface attracts AT-__(1).
(1) AT-III
AT-III is irreversible inhibitor of __(1) & Factor __(2).
(1) thrombin
(2) Factor Xa
Natural Heparins (+/-) charge on Endothelial cells bind ATIII(+/-) charge
-Natural Heparins - NEGATIVE

-ATIII - POSITIVE
Platelets tend to be highly (+/-) charged
NEGATIVELY
Factors II, VII, IX, X have many __(1) residues and will undergo xformation that sends another __(2) group to free glutamate. These give the tails a highly __(3) charge to attract __(4)
(1) glutamate
(2) Carboxy
(3) negative
(4) Ca++