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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's the appropriate degree of pt backrest positioning to look at mandibular teeth? How do we modify this when looking at maxillaries? |
15º– make it even more horizontal when looking at maxillary teeth |
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When looking at mandibular teeth, where will the patient's feet be relative to their head? |
Parallel |
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Where is the light positioned when looking at mandibular teeth? |
Over the pt's head |
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How should the patient's chin be oriented when looking at maxillary teeth? |
Facing up |
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What's the government-determined standard of care for an intraoral examination? |
Visualize/palpate all areas of mouth and surroundings reasonably accessible, whether looking for cancer or not |
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Dental exams diagnose how what percentages of: -Oral cancer -Bulimia -Diabetes |
Cancer: 52% Bulimia: 28% Diabetes: 26% |
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In regards to oral cancer: -What's the most common type? -What's the overall prevalence in ref. to cancers? -What sex is most likely to get it? |
- Most common: Squamous cell carcinoma - 3% of all cancers are oral - Men are twice as likely as women |
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What's the 5-year survival rate for oral cancer? |
57% |
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What percentage of oral cancers are found in stage 1 or 2? What about stage 3? What's the likelihood of survival for these stages? |
40% of oral cancer is detected at stage 1-2. Likelihood of survival at that stage is 80-90%. 60% of oral cancer is detected at stage 3. Likelihood of 3-year survival at that stage is 33%. |
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What are the top four causes of oral cancer (as discussed in class)? |
Tobacco (#1), Alcohol (#2), Viruses (HIV, HPV), Sun exposure |
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What type of cancers does HPV most often cause? |
Oropharyngeal cancers |
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What are the four highest-risk areas for oral cancer? |
- Lateral borders of the tongue - Ventral surface of tongue - Floor of mouth - Oropharynx |
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Eight signs of oral cancer: |
- Nonhealing ulcer - Bleeding - Lymphadenopathy - Attachment - Hardness - Pain - Parasthesia - Drooling |
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What does torus mean? |
Bony, or hard |
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What's an induration? |
Firm- like a solid rubber ball. Often used to describe lymph nodes |
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Fibromas are described with this term in relation to palpation |
Firm |
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Cysts are described with this term in relation to palpation |
doughy |
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A vascular tumor would be described using this term, meaning it returns quickly to its original shape: |
Spongy |
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What does the term "pitting" mean in reference to palpation? |
Soft and leaves an indentation |
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An abcess will usually be described using this term in response to palpation: |
Collapsing |
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Color changing is referred to using this term in regards to palpation: |
Blanching |
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What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation? |
Calor (heat), Rubor (redness), Tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain), Functio laesa (dysfunction) |
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"Discrete" areas of pigmentation/abnormality are (describe): |
discontinuous, not running together |
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How do you describe visual anomalies that are running together? |
Confluent |
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Small bump-like projections or elevations are described with this term: |
Papillary |
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"covered with or full of wart-like growths;cauliflower-like surface" is described using this term: |
Verrucose |
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"attached to the surface on a broad base" could be described via this term: |
Sessile |
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When elevated lesions have a narrow stem which connects them to a base, they're referred to as: |
Pedunculated |
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What's an erythema? |
A red area of variable size and shape |
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What are the properties of a leukoplakia? |
It's a white patch-like lesion which is keratinized and cannot be rubbed off |
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What are petechiae? |
Minute red round spots |
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What's a non-elevated area of color change measuring less than a centimeter that's not raised? |
Macule |
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Disease, trauma, or chemical burns can result in a shedding of epithelium referred to as: |
Eschar |
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When an area's not elevated or depressed, but is an alternate color than its surroundings and bigger than a centimeter, what do we call it? |
A patch |
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1st or 2nd degree burns, where the skin is denuded (stripped of its surface) above the basal cell layer is called: |
Erosion |
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When the skin is denuded (stripped of its surface) below the basal cell layer, it is called: |
an ulcer |
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Apthous or herpes simplex are examples of: |
Ulcer types |
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When a lesion is elevated and less than a centimeter in diameter, it's referred to by this term: |
Papule |
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"A solid, flat, raised area bigger than 1cm", these are often keratinized (white): |
Plaque |
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When there's an elevated and deep lesion which is solid, and measures between .5-2cm, we call it a: Also- what's an example of this? |
Nodule; fibroma -Also note: overlying mucosa is not fixed |
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What are the criteria which qualify something as a "tumor"? |
Elevated or deep solid mass greater than a centimeter in size |
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Fluid filled lesions under one centimeter (ie- a small blister) are called: What's a disease which commonly creates these? |
Vesicles; herpes simplex |
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When a lesion is less than one centimeter and contains pus, it's called a: What's a common condition in which these are found? |
Pustule; dental abcess |
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When a vesicle is bigger than a centimeter and contains serum, what's it called? Where are these usually located? |
Bulla; mucosal-submucosa junction |
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An "epithelial lined fluid-filled mass" which can be submucosal or subcutaneous, and can range in size from mm-cm: |
Cyst |
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What are the four pieces of a BOE kit? |
-Mouth mirror -Cotton pliers -Perio probe -Explorer |
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Where's the parotid duct? What's the other name for it? |
Superior to the maxillary second molar; Stenson's duct |
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What causes linea alba? |
Chewing on the cheek |
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Where might you find Fordyce granules? |
The cheek |
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What's leukodemia? In what demographic are you most likely to find it? |
Symmetrical milky white surface that doesn't rub off, asymptomatic. Most commonly found in African Americans |
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What's the name of the muscle attachments in the vestibules? |
Frenae (singular: frenulum) |
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What's the name for asymptomatic white "lace-like" lines on the cheek? |
Lichen planus |
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What's a technique to get a better view of the patient's buccal mucosa and vestibule? |
Ask pt to bite down |
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What are four things to look for on the hard palate? |
- Rugae - Torus - Ulcerations - Lesions |
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Torus palatinus: What's the proportion of people with this? Is there a gender in which it's more common? |
20-30% of the population has this; 2:1 more common in females |
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Torus mandibularis: What's the proportion of people with this? Is there a gender in which it's more common? |
8-16% of the population has this: equal amounts of males and females |
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When we have the pt say "ahh" and depress their tongue, we are looking for these two things (among any other abnormality) in this location: |
- Ulcers - Patches; in the soft palate |
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Where are the filiform and fungiform papilla on the tongue? What about the foliate and circumvallate? |
Filiform, fungiform: Anterior Foliate, circumvallate: Posterior |
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What are three possible causes of "hairy tongue"? |
- Glossitis - Filiform papillae dysfunction - Trapped debris |
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What's the other name for the submandibular duct? |
Wharton's duct |
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What are the two lymph nodes that must be palpated under the tongue? |
Jugulodigastric and sublingual |
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What are three visible symptoms of xerostomia? |
- Reddened, pebbled surface of tongue - Dry and cracked corners of the mouth - Red or parched mucosal tissues |
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What are the five common causes of xerostomia? |
- Diabetes - Hormonal changes - Depression/anxiety - Radiation for head and neck cancers - Autoimmune diseases (ie- Sjorgen's) |
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What's sialolithiasis? |
When you have a stone in your salivary gland |
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Where are the four common places c. albicans can be found? |
- Mouth - Esophagus - GI tract - Vagina |
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How do you distinguish candidiasis from hyperkeratosis/leukoplakias? |
Candidiasis rubs off |
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What are the three oral locations thrush is most common? |
Tongue, buccal mucosa, soft palate |
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What's the most common type of candidiasis? What distinguishes it? |
Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis; creamy white patches, pain w/spicy and acidic foods, xerostamia, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) |
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What is the distinguishing factor of chronic hyperplastic candidiasis? |
White plaque which looks like hyperkeratosis/leukoplakia but rubs off |
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What type of candidiasis happens under dentures? What does it look like? What's the symptoms? |
Atrophic candidiasis; red on tongue or palate. Burning with spicy foods or alcohol. |
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What are three medications for candidiasis? |
- Nystatin - Ketaconozole - Fluconozole |
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What are three health recommendations to end candidiasis? |
- Oral hygiene - Yogurt, esp. w/ acidophilus bacteria - Avoid alcohol and simple sugars |
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How much of the population has fever blisters? What are the two other names for this condition? |
50% of population have them; cold sores or herpes simplex are other names |
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HSV1 localizes here, whereas HSV2 localizes here: |
HSV1: mouth HSV2: genitalia |
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What are the three methods of oral herpes treatment? |
- Topical (Penciclovir, docosanol [OTC] creams) - Lysine (1-3g/day) - Zinc oxide cream |
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What are the two ways to tell apthous ulcers apart from herpes simplex ulcers? |
Apthous ulcers are singular and don't come with a fever/cold symptoms |
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What percentage of the population has apthous ulcers? What's the other name for these? |
60%- canker sores |
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How long does it take canker sores to heal compared to cold sores? |
Canker sores- 1 week. Cold sores- 2 weeks |
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When canker sores are more numerous and vesicular but are not caused by herpes simplex, they're described with this term: |
Herpetiform |
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What are 4 trademarks of apthous ulcers? |
- Round or oval swelling - Ruptures in 1 day - Pale yellow center with a red halo - Fever is rare, no other accompanying diseases |
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Four ways to tell canker sores from herpes simplex: |
-Canker sores are larger -Canker sores have no blister -Canker sores rarely merge -Canker sores sit on movable intraoral tissue |
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What are the two symptomatic treatments for canker sores? |
- Viscous benzocaine - Oragel, anbesol |
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What local anti-inflammatory do we use for canker sores? |
Kenalog in orabase |
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What is Ameseal used for? |
It's a sealing agent used to treat canker sores |
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What's the only FDA approved tx for canker sores? How is it used? |
Apthasol; applied 2-4x/day |
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What are the four types of biopsies? |
- Exfoliative (brush) - Fine needle aspiration - Incisional (cut a piece out) - Excisional (take out the entire thing) |
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What type of biopsy is best for small lesions? |
Excisional |
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What type of biopsy is best for large lesions? |
Incisional |
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If you have a lymph node that's suspicious, what biopsy would likely be performed on it? |
Fine needle aspiration |
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What's the Toluidine blue stain used for? |
Predicting which lesions will progress to a scarier cancer stage- staining lesions are 6x more likely |
