Pta 250 Exam 1

Front 1

spinal cord malformation; neural tube defect

Back 1

spina bifida

Front 2

non progressive CNS damage before age 3. lack of postural control. Brain damage decreases the brains ability to monitor and control nerve and voluntary muscle activity

Back 2

cerebral palsy

Front 3

Lower brachial plexus injury involving C-7, C8, and T-1. Results in weakeness of the intrinsic muscles of the hand and long flexors of the wrist and fingers. The biceps reflex is present but grasp is absent. (claw hand)

Back 3

klumpke's paralysis

Front 4

autosomal, chromosome 19. Affects face, neck, hand, and foot. characterized by myotonia, a delay in muscle relaxation time, and muscle weakness.

Back 4

myotonic dystrophy

Front 5

abnormal developement of trochanter

Back 5

trochanteric dysplasia

Front 6

non progressive neuromuscular disorder estimated to occur in first trimester in utero.
Charasteristics- cylinder like extremeties, significant and multiple contractures, dislocation of joints, muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, and imbalance.

Back 6

arthrogryposis multiplex congenita

Front 7

unilateral shortening of SCM muscle. limited cervical ROM. causes lateral flexion to the same side of the contracture and chin rotation to opposite side.

Back 7

torticollis

Front 8

results from abnormal development and growth of the hip joint. Testing for this condition includes Ortolani test, barlow maneuver

Back 8

hip dysplasia

Front 9

method of decreasing spascity in mucscle of cerebral palsy patients- phenol and botulinum toxin A

Back 9

neuromuscular blocks

Front 10

pump faclofen into abdomen and intrathecal space

Back 10

intrathecal baclofen

Front 11

trisomy 21 extra chromosome. Clinical manifestations: hypotonia, flattened nasal bridge, Simian line (palmar crease) epicanthal fold, enlargement of the tongue, and developmental delay

Back 11

down syndrome

Front 12

lag progrssion as compared to full term. takes 2 years to catch up. due to prematurity

Back 12

developmental delay

Front 13

a self limiting disease of the hip initiated by avascular necrosis of the femoral head- 4 stages

Back 13

legg calve perthes disease

Front 14

x gene linked recessive by boys. Dystrophin gene missing. destruction of muscle cells collage, adipose laid in muscle, pseudohypertrophic calf muscle

Back 14

duchenne muscular dystrophy

Front 15

dislocation at birth

Back 15

congenital dislocation

Front 16

results when chromosome 5 is missing. abnormal laryngeal; development of weak and high pitched cry in infants; causes hypotonia, scoliosis, delayed development, small head size, low birth weight.

Back 16

chr-du-chat syndrome

Front 17

congenital disorder of collagen synthesis that affects all connective tissue in the body. can cause osteoporosis, excess fractures, bowing legs, spinal deformity, and muscle weakness.

Back 17

osteogensis imperfecta

Front 18

congenital talipes equinovarus, ankle plantarflexion, hindfoot varus, and forefoot adduction

Back 18

club foot

Front 19

alteration developent of blood vessels in the eye. a vasoproliferative disease of the immature retina.

Back 19

retinopathy of prematurity

Front 20

surgery for cerebral palsy; a surgical approach that focuses on the spinal reflex arch and its modulation at the level of the anterior horn cell by supraspinal and segmental influences.

Back 20

selective dorsal rhizotomy

Front 21

injections into the dominant agonist muscle at the nerve terminals to causes temporary paralysis of the muscles lasting 3-6 months. improve function of children with cerebral palsy

Back 21

botulinum A toxin

Front 22

typical development that followa a predictable sequence. there are variations in the sequence and the rate at which each child moves through the sequence varies

Back 22

motor development

Front 23

underutilized areas of the brain take over functions of damaged tissue

Back 23

vicariance

Front 24

areas of brain reprogrammed, increased sensitivity of hands to blind

Back 24

functional subsititution

Front 25

reaccqusiton of movement skills lost through injury

Back 25

recovery function

Front 26

sympathetic nervous system

Back 26

fight or flight

Front 27

performance of task visualized

Back 27

mental practice

Front 28

study dealing with neural, physical, and behavioral aspects

Back 28

motor control

Front 29

ability of brain to change or repair itself

Back 29

neuroplasticity

Front 30

sending signals adcance of movement to ready system; allows anticipatory adjustments of postural activity

Back 30

feed forward

Front 31

performing two tasks at once (catching and throwing a ball)

Back 31

dual task training

Front 32

what is the spinal level for functional ambulation with spina bifida?

Back 32

L3-L4

Front 33

what is most important to remember with down syndrome patients?

Back 33

no approximation through the head

Front 34

how low to heal fractures in infants?

in children?

Back 34

4-6 wks

6-8 wks

Front 35

aversive response to tactile stimuli manifested by hyperactivity or distractibility. children who show this may display avoidance reactions around the hands, feet, and face. in the oral area may cause child to reject textured or flacored food in preference to smoother blander foods.

Back 35

tacticle defensiveness

Front 36

serial casting needs to be changed...

Back 36

every 5-7 days

Front 37

goals of positioning preterm infant (2)

Back 37

1. enhance flexor tone with flexed trunk and protracted scapula

2. increase midline orientation

Front 38

how to measure leg length difference

Back 38

asis to medial malleolus

1-2 cm

Front 39

when does mother first feel fetus move?

when do movements decrease?

Back 39

20 weeks

32 weeks

Front 40

why do we promote balanced strength in opposing muscle groups for children?

Back 40

for postural control

Front 41

primitive reflexes appear after..

Back 41

1st month

Front 42

is w sitting good for kids?

Back 42

no

Front 43

primitive reflex that affects feeding if it doesn't integrate?

Back 43

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

(ATNR)

Front 44

3 stages of motor learning

Back 44

1. cognitive

2. associative

3. autonomous

Front 45

is it harder for adults to relearn developmental sequence than infants?

Back 45

yes

Front 46

modalities prior to stretching

Back 46

heat, ultrasound, and E-STIM

Front 47

what is a neonate period

Back 47

first 28 days after birth

Front 48

early childhood

Back 48

3-6 years

Front 49

later childhood

Back 49

after 10 years

Front 50

developmental transistion that lasts from about 10-11 intil the late teens or rarly twentites. the onset of puberty -- 13 YEARS

Back 50

adolescence

Front 51

increased tone, results from a motor cortex lesion- mild

Back 51

spastic cerebral palsy

Front 52

results from a cerebellar lesion, a balance disorder- moderate

Back 52

ataxic cerebral palsy

Front 53

flucating tone, basal ganglia lesion

severe

Back 53

athetoid/dystonic cerebral palsy

Front 54

affects one limb

Back 54

monoplegia (S CP)

Front 55

affects four limbs

Back 55

quadriplegia (At CP)

Front 56

affects two lower limbs- severe

Back 56

diplegia (Ath CP)

Front 57

affects one side

Back 57

Hemiplegia- Mixed CP

Front 58

flexion contractures are present at hips, and external ROM is slightly greater than internal rotation. knees exhibit genu varum, or bowing

Back 58

0-9 months normal gait progression

Front 59

wide base of support, hips in abduction, flexion, and slight external rotation, genu varus continues

Back 59

9-15 months normal gait progression

Front 60

genu varus straightens, may be limitation in hip extension ROM, base of support is decreasing, heel strike begins to develop and is normally consistent by 24 months

Back 60

18-24 months normal gait progression

Front 61

genu valgus, child normally has consistent heel strike and knee flexion in swing phase

Back 61

3-3.5 years gait progression

Front 62

the gait patterns should vbe fully mature, genu valgus returns to neutral

Back 62

6-7 gait progression

Front 63

the motor task is to develop an overall understanding of the skill.

Back 63

1st stage of motor learning-

cognitive stage

Front 64

motor strageties are refined through continued practice. "how to do"

Back 64

associative stage

2nd stage of motor learning

Front 65

motor performance that after practive is largely automatic. -runs themselves

Back 65

3rd stage of motor learning

Autonomous stage

Front 66

facilitation techniques to increase tone (7)

Back 66

1. quick stretch
2. resistance
3. joint approximation
4. joint traction
5. light touch
6. manual contacts
7. fast vestibular stimulation

Front 67

inhibition techniques to decrease muscle tone (7)

Back 67

1. prolonged stretch
2. inhibitory pressure
3. maintained touch
4. slow stroking
5. prolonged icing
6. neural watmth
7. slow maintained vestibular stimulation

Front 68

compares children to other "normal" children

has 4 test sections- assisted in referral to OT and SLP

Back 68

Denver II

Front 69

provides a comprehensive sequence of gross and fine motor skills from which the therapist can determine the relative developmental skill level of a child and plan an instructional program to develop those skills; for children from birth to 83 months

Back 69

peabody developmental motor scale (PDMS)

Front 70

evaluates muscle tone, primitive reflexes, automatic reactions, and volitional movement in the first year of life; provides a assesment of risk for motor dysfunction

Back 70

movement assessment of infants (MAI)

Front 71

assesment of gross motor performance designmed for the identification and evaluation of motor development in infants from term through the age of independet walking; focus is on the development of postural control relative to four postural positions; supine, prone, sitting and standing. from children from birth to 18 months

Back 71

alberta infant motor scale (aims)

Front 72

means of evaluating a child's current developmental status at a particular age; consists of scales composed of three parts; a mental scale, a motor scale, an infant behavior record, for children 1-30 months

Back 72

bayley scales of infant development (BSID)

Front 73

a motor assessment; used to evaluate child's motor repertoire and capacity for movement; examines quality of movement as opposed to attainment of motor milestones; for children 0-42 months

Back 73

toddler and infant motor evaluation (TIME)

Front 74

measures change over time, or after therapy, in gross motor function in children with CP; designed to assess motor function, or how much of an activity a child can accomplish; all item usually can be accomplished by a 5 year old with normal motor abilities

Back 74

Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)

Front 75

an assessment for detecting functional limitations and disability in age appropriate independence; measures both the capability and performance of functional activities in three content domains: self-care, mobility, and social function; for children 6 months to 7.5 years

Back 75

Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)

Front 76

test of disability for assessing functions in self-cae, sphincter control, mobility, locomotion, and communication and social cognition; for children between the ages of 6 months and 7 years

Back 76

functional independence measure for children (weeFIM)

Front 77

used to determine developmental level of infants and young children, plan intervention strategies, and assess affects of instruction; birth to 8 years; tests personal-social, adaptive, motor, communication, and cognition

Back 77

Battelle Developmental Inventory
(BDI)

Front 78

used to assess function abd guide progran planning for students with disabilities within the educational environment; children with disabilities attebdibg grades K-6; areas testedL participation, task supports, activity performance, physical tasks and cognitive/behavioral tasks

Back 78

School Function Assessment (SFA)

Front 79

development of object manipulation (9)

Back 79

1. rotation of held objects (2)
2. shaking of held objects (4)
3. bilateral hold of two objects (4.5)
4. two handed hold of a single object (4.5)
5. hand to hand transfer (4.5-6)
6. coordinated action with a single object in which one hand holds the object while other bangs it (5-6.5)
7. coordinated action with two objects such as striking two together (6-8.5)
8. deformation of objects (bending, squeezing) (7-8.5)
9. instrumental sequential actions(open a box with one hand take contents out with other) 7.5-9.5

Front 80

developmental prone progression
(6)

Back 80

1. prone lying
2. prone on elblows
3. prone on extended arms
4. pivot prone
5. quadruped
6. locomotion in prone

Front 81

active four point that requires stability around the hip joints caused by cocontraction of the hip musculature. hands are aligned under flexed shoulders and his knees are aligned under flexed hips.

Back 81

quadruped

Front 82

infant must develop: stabilzation of the pelvis, head lifting with cephalocaudally progressing antigravity extensore control, and movement of the upper extremeties out of the neonatal position.

Back 82

prone on elbows

Front 83

equipment used for positioning (3)

Back 83

1. sidelyer-(to encourage hands to midline)
2. corner chair- for back stability for sitting
3. bolster chair-(to keeps legs apart in case of tight hip adductors- scissors gait)

Front 84

equipment used for standing(4)

Back 84

1. vertical stander
2. a-frame
3. supine stander
4. prone stander (to improve head control)
all used for stability, if child has decreased LE strength

Front 85

equipment used for LE orthotics (6)

Back 85

1. heel cup
2. SMO
3. AFO
4. KAFO
5. HKAFO
6. THKAFO

Front 86

walker equipment (2)

Back 86

1. anterior walker
2. posterior walker- used more in pediatrics, improve upright posture

Front 87

crutch equipment(2)

Back 87

1. axillary
2. forearm

Front 88

ambulation assistance equipment (3)

Back 88

1. RGO --
2. Parapodium
3. Gait trainer

Front 89

how to use standers

Back 89

1. 20-30 mins 4-5 times per day initially

Front 90

how to use standers for control of LE contractures

Back 90

45 mins 2-3 times per day

Front 91

how to use standers to facilitae bone development

Back 91

60 mins 4-5 times per week

Front 92

how to use LE orthotics

Back 92

use as needed for standing or while placed in standers

at night

Front 93

PNF pattern D1 Flexion
-lower extremity

Back 93

Flexion-adduction-external rotation

foot dorsiflexs and inverts; leg externally rotates and pulls up and across body moving into hip adduction and flexion

Front 94

PNF pattern D1 Extension
lower extremity

Back 94

extension-abduction-internal rotation

foot plantar flexes and everts; the leg internally rotates and pushes down and out, moving into hip abduction and extension. the knee remains straight.

Front 95

PNF pattern D2 flexion
lower extremity

Back 95

flexion-abduction-internal rotation

foot dorsiflexes and inverts; leg internally rotates and lifts up and out, moving into hip abduction and flexion. knee remains straight. (kick out)

Front 96

PNF pattern D2 extension
LE

Back 96

extension-adduction-external rotation

foot plantarflexes and inverts; leg externally rotates and pushes down and in moving into hip adduction and extension.

Front 97

PNF D1 Flexion UE

Back 97

flexion-adduction-external rotation

hand closes with wrist flexion; arm ext. rotates and pulls up and across the face, moving into shoulder adduction and flexion. elbow is straight

Front 98

PNF D1 Extension UE

Back 98

extension-abduction-internal rotation

hand opens with extension; arm internally rotates and pushes down and out, moving into shoulder abduction and extension. elbow is straight

Front 99

PNF D2 Flexion UE

Back 99

flexion-abduction-external rotation

hand opens with extension; arm externally rotates and lifts up and out moving into shoulder abductionand flexion. elbow is straight

Front 100

PNF D2 extension UE

Back 100

extension-adduction-internal rotation

hand closes with flexion; arm internally rotates and pulls down and across the body moving into shoulder adduction and extension. elbow is straight.

Front 101

PNF Chop pattern

Back 101

upper trunk flexion with rotation to right or left- chop is D1 extension

Front 102

PNF lift pattern

Back 102

lead arm is D2 flexion; trunk extend and rotate to right or left. both elbows are straight.

Front 103

the use of active inhibition in conjunction with passive stretching

Back 103

facilited stretching

Front 104

deep tendon pressure with passive stretching

Back 104

inhibitory pressure

Front 105

an expansion of active assistive movement, manual contancts to provide support and stability

Back 105

therapeutic guiding

Front 106

pt moves limb to the end of pain free ROM. a strong isometic contraction of restricting muscles is resisted followed by voluntary relaxation and passive movement into the newly gained range of the agonist pattern.

Back 106

hold-relax

Front 107

used to improve mobility; pt is instructed to relax as therapist moves the pt passively thru the range establishing appropriate speed and rhythmn using verbal cues. finally movements are lightly resisted.

Back 107

rhythmic initation

Front 108

used to improve mobility; repeated isotonic contractions are performed directed to agonist muscles, initiated by a quick stretch and enhanced by resistance. (PNF Patterns)

Back 108

repeated stretch

Front 109

used to improve mobility; pt is positioned in the end position(shortened range) of a movement and is told to Hold don't let me move you. the isometric contraction is resisted followed by voluntary relaxtion and passive movement into the lengthened range. then instructed to push back into end position again.

Back 109

replication
(hold-relax-active)

Front 110

used to improve stability; alternating isotonic contractions of first agonists and then antagonists (don't let me push u backwars, then forward) against resistance allowing only very limited movement.

Back 110

stabilizing reversals
(alternating isometrics)

Front 111

used to improve stability; isometric contractions of anatgonist patterns, focusing on co-contraction of muscles. resistance applied to one segment while applying resistance to the other segment. a twisting motion

Back 111

rhythmic stabilization

Front 112

used to improve stability; isotonic contractions of first agonists then antagonists perfomed against resistiance. therapist resists contraction of one pattern, at the end of the desired range a command is given to guve reverse direction

Back 112

dynamic reversals (slow reversals)

Front 113

used to improve controlled mobility; resisted concentric contraction of agonist muscles moving thru the range is followed by a stabilizing contraction and then eccentric, moving slowly back to start position. (push up. now hold. now go down slowly.)

Back 113

combination of isotonics (agonist reversals)