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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Immune System |
:) |
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What are the two types of immunity? |
1)Innate Immunity 2)Acquired Immunity |
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What is innate immunity? |
Innate immunity is natural or native immunity. It is the body's first line of defense to prevent entry of pathogens into the body. |
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What are the two parts of innate immunit? |
Skin-first line
Nonspecific inflammatory response-second line |
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What is the primary role of the immune system? |
The immune system recognizes and destroys foreign substances to prevent proliferation of mutant cells. |
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What types of cells does the immune system fight against? |
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites |
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What is an antigen? |
An antigen is any foreign substance in the body that does not have the characteristic cell surface markers of that individual and is capable of eliciting an immune response. |
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What is an antibody? |
An antibody is a protein molecule produced in response to an antigen and only interacts with that antigen. (lock and key) |
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What are cell markers? |
Cell markers are unique to individual cells to help the immune system determine what is "self" and what is not to allow the immune system to do its job. |
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Innate immunity is made up of what three categories of cells? |
1)Phagocytic cells-neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
2)Cells that release inflammatory mediators-basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils
3)Natural killer cells |
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What is humoral immunity? |
Mediated by antibodies present in different bodily fluids-saliva, blood, vaginal secretions, etc. Includes beta cells/lymphocytes that originate in bone marrow. |
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What is cell-mediated immunity? |
The recognition and destruction of hidden organisms. Includes T cells/lymphocytes which form in bone marrow but mature in the thalmus. |
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What is immunodeficiency? |
A condition in which the immune response is absent or depressed. |
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What is primary immunodeficiency? |
A defect involving the T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues. |
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What is secondary immunodeficiency? |
An underlying disease or factor that depresses or blocks the immune response such as Leukemia or Hodgkin's disease |
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What is an autoimmune disease? |
A disease in which the immune mechanisms are directed against self-antigens |
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What are some common clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases? |
Synovitis, pleuritis, myocarditis, vasculitis, fatigue, malaise, arthralgias |
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What is systemic lupus erythematosus? |
A chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects skin, organs, or body systems. The body produces antibodies against its own cells. |
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What are the clinical manifestations of lupus? |
Arthralgias/arthritis, skin rash, cardiopulmonary abnormalities |
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What is fibromyalgia? |
A chronic muscle pain syndrome characterized of pain in 11 of 18 tender spots. Still no known cause. |
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What are the clinical manifestations of fibromyalgia? |
Diffuse pain, sleep disturbance and fatigue |
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The Respiratory System |
:0 |
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What structures are included in the upper airway? |
-Nasal cavities -Sinuses -Pharynx -Tonsils -Larynx |
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What structures are included in the lower airway? |
-Conducting airways -Trachea -Bronchi -Bronchioles -Terminal alveoli
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Define hypoxemia. |
Hypoxemia is deficient oxygenation of arterial blood. (can lead to hypoxia) |
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Define hypoxia. |
Hypoxia is diminished availability of oxygen to the body tissues. Prolonged hypoxia leads to cell and tissue death. |
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Define hypercapnia. |
Hypercapnia is the presence of large amounts of carbon monoxide in the blood. |
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What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease? |
-Cough -Dyspnea (shortness of breath) -Chest pain -Cyanosis (bluish coloring of skin) -Digital clubbing -Altered breathing patterns
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What is digital clubbing? |
A condition caused by the interference of tissue perfusion and nutrition. Affects the angle between the fingernail and the finger itself. |
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Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases |
;) |
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What is pneumonia? |
-An inflammatory disease of the lungs -Inflammation occurs affecting the parenchyma of the lungs which causes the body to respond with unusual inflammatory responses -Can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, inhalation of toxins, and aspiration |
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What are the symptoms of pneumonia? |
-Chest pain -Hacking and productive cough with sputum -Dyspnea -Fever and chills
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What are the treatments for pneumonia? |
-Medications for the offending pathogen -Respiratory exercises -Chest PT |
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Obstructive Diseases |
:^) |
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What is COPD? |
-Constructive obstructive pulmonary disease -Characterized by chronic airflow limitation in which the patient cannot get air out of the lungs -Other conditions included such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, obstructive broncholitis, and emphysema |
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What are the treatments for COPD? |
-Smoking cessation (COPD is usually caused due to smoking) -Medications (bronchodilators) -Airway clearance -Exercise |
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What is chronic bronchitis? |
A condition in which there is a productive cough lasting 3 months. Inflammation and scarring of bronchial lining obstructs airflow causing wheezing and coughing. |
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What are some symptoms of chronic bronchitis? |
-Decreased chest expansion -Wheezing -Cyanosis -Decreased exercise tolerance |
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What is emphysema? |
The accumulation of air in tissues particularly in the lungs. Due to the loss of elasticity of the elastin protein in the lungs. Cigarette smoking is a huge risk factor. |
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What are the symptoms of emphysema? |
-Dyspnea (initially w/ exertion and then with rest) -Absence of cough -Patient has thinner frame -Use of accessory muscles for respiration |
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What are the treatments for emphysema? |
-Breathing techniques -Pulmonary rehab -Supplemental oxygen
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What is asthma? |
Asthma is a reversible obstructive lung disease involving typical inflammatory response to an offending pathogen which causes spasm of smooth muscle in bronchiols, edema, and mucus. Causes hyperresponsiveness of airway and air becomes trapped. |
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What happens with repeated asthma attacks? |
The airway structure changes and smooth muscle becomes hypertrophied. |
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What are the symptoms that an asthma attack is starting? |
-Sensation of chest constriction -Wheezing -Nonproductive cough |
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What are treatments for asthma? |
-Avoiding triggers -Bronchodilators -Antiinflammatory corticosteroids |
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What is extrinsic asthma? |
An attack due to an allergen and more often seen in children. |
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What is intrinsic asthma? |
An attack not due to an allergen and usually adult onset. |
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What is occupational asthma? |
An attack due to exposure of work environment. |
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Restrictive Lung Disease |
..... |
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What is restrictive lung disease? |
Any condition that reduces lung volume and decreases ability of lungs to fill with air. People breath very rapidly and shallow. |
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What are some causes of restrictive lung disease? |
-Pulmonary fibrosis -Trauma or injury to lungs -Neurological or neuromuscular disorders (SCI, ALS, kyphosis) |
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What is pulmonary fibrosis? |
When epithelial damage and chronic inflammation cause scarring of the lungs. The lungs become stiff and cannot ventilate. |
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Congenital Disorders |
................................................... |
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What is cystic fibrosis? |
A genetic defect predisposes a person to chronic bacterial airway infections, eventual obstructive lung disease and loss of pulmonary function. |
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What are the early stage clinical manifestations of CF? |
-Persistent cough -Sputum production -Persistent wheezing -Recurrent pulmonary infection -Excessive appetite, poor weight gain -Salty skin and sweat -Bulky, foul-smelling stools |
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What are the advanced stage clinical manifestations of CF? |
-Barrel chest -Kyphosis -Cyanosis -Clubbing -Recurring bronchitis |
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What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary exacerbation in CF? |
-Increased cough -Increased sputum production -Fever -Weight loss -Increased respiratory rate -Decrease exercise tolerance |
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Parenchymal Disorders |
.......................................... |
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What is pulmonary edema? |
Excess fluid in the lungs leaks into the alveolar spaces and interstitial tissues decreasing available space for gas exchange.
Common complication of many disease processes (Left ventricular failure, acute hypertension, kidney or liver disorders) |
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What are the side effects of parenchymal disorders? |
-Cough -Slight dyspnea -Diaphoresis (excessive sweating) -Exercise intolerance |
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Lung Cancer |
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What is adenocarcinoma? |
The most common type of lung cancer. (Non-small cell lung cancer) |
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What are the risk factors for lung cancer? |
-Smoking -Occupational exposures -Prior lung disease -Poor nutrition -Genetics
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What is small cell lung cancer? |
A lung cancer in which small cells form a larger mass often in bronchial submucosa and self-proliferate. |
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What are symptoms of small cell lung cancer? |
-Cough -Dyspnea -Wheezing and chest pain |
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What is non-small cell lung cancer? |
A type of lung cancer that arises in the central lung. |
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What are the symptoms of non-small cell lung cancer? |
-Sharp, severe pleural pain -Decreased lung expansion -Cough and dyspnea |
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Why does lung cancer so easily metastisize? |
Lung cancer easily metastisizes because of lymphatic and blood supply. It often metastisizes prior to diagnosis of lung cancer. |
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Disorders of the Pulmonary Vasculature |
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What is pulmonary hypertension? |
-Primary- diffuse narrowing of pulmonary arterioles
-Secondary- caused by any respiratory or cardiovascular disorders that increase the volume or pressure of blood entering the pulmonary arteries |
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What are the symptoms of pulmonary hypertension? |
-Fatigue -Weakness -Chest pain -Syncope (passing out) -Peripheral edema |
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What is cor pulmonale? |
Pulmonary Heart Disease -An enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart due to pulmonary hypertension that occurs in diseases of the thorax, lung, or pulmonary circulation -Occurs with left side heart failure |
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Oncology |
Woohoo!! |
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What is cancer? |
Uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of abnormal cells
(Malignant neoplasm, tumor, malignancy, and carcinoma can be used interchangeably) |
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What is differentiation? |
A process by which normal cells undergo physical and structural changes to form different structures in the body. |
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What is dysplasia? |
Disorganization of cells in which the cell varies from its normal size, shape, and origin. Can either be reversed or progress to cancer. |
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What is metaplasia? |
The first level of dysplasia that is reversible and benign. |
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What is hyperplasia? |
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue, causing increased mass. |
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What are tumors? |
Abnormal growth of new tissue that is not purposeful and may compete for blood supply and nutrients. |
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What is a primary tumor? |
A tumor that arises from the cells local to the structure the cancer began in. |
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What is a secondary tumor? |
A tumor that arises from cells that have metastasized from another part of the body. |
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What is a carcinoma in situ? |
A preinvasive and premalignant tumor that will turn into cancer and should be treated as such. |
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What is a stage 0 tumor? |
Carcinoma in situ |
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What is a stage I tumor? |
Early stage, localized cancer |
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What is a stage II tumor? |
Increased risk of spread due to tumor size |
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What is a stage III tumor? |
Local cancer has spread, but may not be disseminated to distant regions. |
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What is a stage IV tumor? |
Cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites. |
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What causes cancer? |
Endogenous/genetic origin or Exogenous/environmental origins (usually a combination of the two) |
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What are the most common cancers of genetic origin? |
Prostate, breast, ovarian, and colon |
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What are some exogenous causes of cancer? |
Carcinogens, viruses, drugs (can be chemotherapy drugs), chemicals, hormones, and alcohol consumption |
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What are risk factors of cancer? |
-Aging -Lifestyle -Tobacco -Ethnicity -Diet and Nutrition -Precancerous lesions -Alcohol use -Stress -Sexual and reproductive behaviors -Hormonal exposure -Geographic/environmental
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What is the somatic mutation theory? |
A theory that says a neoplasm originates in a single cell by an acquired genetic change (often times a chromosomal abnormality) that happens during a lifetime or occurs from development and activated later in life. |
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What are oncogenes? |
Dominant, cancer-causing genes that can be activated/turned on and can turn normal cells into malignant cells. |
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What are tumor suppressor genes? |
Recessive genes that suppress the growth of cancer. They can be turned off when cancer happens to keep them from doing their job. |
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What is metastasis? |
A process of cells breaking away from the primary site of cancer and traveling through the blood or lymph to other areas of the body. |
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How long can metastases occur after diagnosis? |
Metastases can spread up to 20 years after initial cancer diagnosis. |
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What are common sites that cancers metastasize to? |
-Pulmonary (lungs) -Hepatic (liver) -Skeletal (bones) -CNS -Lymphatic system |
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What are clinical manifestations of cancer? |
-Cancer pain -Cancer-related fatigue -Paraneoplastic syndrome |
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Cancer Pain: cause, symptoms, and treatments? |
-Caused by pressure on nerves or displacement of nerves -s/s-hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, back pain, change in bowel and bladder, weakness -tx-narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics, PCA pump, opiates, alternative medicine, rehab |
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What is cancer-related fatigue? |
Can be a side-effect of treatment and does not necessarily indicate disease progression. Can also be caused by anxiety and depression. |
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Paraneoplastic syndrome: what is it, s/s? |
-Systemic signs and symptoms at a site distant to primary cancer or metastasis -s/s-neurological changes, anorexia, malaise, diarrhea, weight loss, and fever |
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What kinds of medical management is available for cancer? |
Prevention -Primary-screenings, chemoprevention -Secondary-early detection and treatment -Tertiary-managing symptoms, limiting complications and preventing disability associated with cancer |
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What kinds of medical management is available for cancer? (cont.) |
Diagnosis -Tissue biopsy -MRI, CT, PET scan -Tumor markers |
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What treatments are available for cancer? |
-Curative or palliative (keeping patient comfortable) -Complimentary and alternative medicine (massage, rehab, stress mgmt) -Surgery -Hormonal therapy -Radiation therapy -Chemotherapy -Biotherapy-stem cell transplant -Antiangiogenic therapy-removal of O2 and blood supply from cancer site
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Integumentary System |
Good stuff!!! |
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What is the incidence of skin disorders? |
Approximately one in four people who consult a physician have a skin disorder. |
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What are some common causes of skin lesions? |
-Contact with injurious agents/infectious organisms -Reaction to medication -Physical trauma -Hereditary factors -Allergens -Radiotherapy -Systemic origin -Neoplasm
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What is atopic dermatits? |
Chronic inflammatory skin disease; most common type of eczema. |
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What are some cautions needed with atopic dermatitis? |
Use caution in applying lotions, US gel, alcohol, etc. |
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What is contact dermatitis? |
Inflammatory skin disease caused by exposure to a chemical, mechanical, physical, or biologic agent. |
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What is eczema and dermatitis? |
Superficial inflammation of the skin caused by irritant exposure, allergy, or genetics. |
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What is cellulitis? |
Acute inflammation with infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is often caused by strep and staph. |
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What are risk factors of cellulitis? |
Presence of edema, venous insufficiency, and surgery |
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What are the symptoms of cellulitis? |
-Red patches of skin -Painful -Warm |
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What is herpes zoster? |
-Shingles -Viral infection from varicella that has remained dormant since childhood. |
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What is the presentation and s/s of shingles? |
Presentation-unilateral, along dermatome, often in the trunk and area of 5th cranial nerve
S/s-very painful and tingling along dermatome of spinal or cranial nerve involved, fever, chills, malaise, GI s/s |
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What are the two types of thermal injuries? |
Localized-frostbite Hypothermia-systemic |
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What types of burns are there? |
Thermal, chemical, electrical, and radiation. |
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What is a superficial burn? |
A burn that affects only the epidermis. |
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What is a partial-thickness burn? |
A burn that extends into the dermis. |
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What is a full-thickness burn? |
A burn that extends into the subcutaneous tissue. |
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What is a decubitus ulcer? |
An ulcer caused by pressure applied, usually in a bony area. |
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What is a stage I decubitus ulcer? |
-Surface reddening -Skin unbroken -Wound superficial -Early warning to take preventative action
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What is a stage II decubitus ulcer? |
-Blister: broken or unbroken -Partial layer of skin injured -Can heal rapidlyh -Cover, protect, and clean area |
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What is a stage III decubitus ulcer? |
-Wound extends through all layers of the skin -Serious infection possible -Alleviate pressure, cover, protect -Provide proper nourishment and hydration -Prevent infection if not already there
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What is a stage IV decubitus ulcer? |
-Through the skin -Involves muscle, tendon, bone -Diameter not as important as depth -Very serious -Life threatening -Cared for by wound specialists -Surgery may be necessary |
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What is wound dehiscence? |
When the wound opens up after being closed once. |
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What causes wound dehiscense? |
-Malnutrition -Diabetes -Steroids -Smoking -Limited O2 profusion -Too much tension across wound -Infection |
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What are risk factors for ischemic wounds (due to lack of blood flow to tissue)? |
-Diabetes -Smoking -High BP -Hypercholesterolemia -Artherosclerosis -Peripheral neuropathy -Decreased ROM at ankle -Obesity -Poor footware -Reduced vision |
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What are typical characteristics of arterial insufficiency ulcers? |
-Pain that is severe with increased elevation -Usually happens in distal toes, dorsal foot, areas of trauma -Wound begins small, shallow, and gradually increases in size; wound bed is pale due to low O2 -Necrotic tissue may be present -Littler or no wound drainage |
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Ways to prevent diabetic foot ulcers? |
-Control blood sugar -Check inside shoe first -Check feet daily for injuries -no high heels -Wash and dry feet carefully -Toenails trimmed by professional -Wear properly fitted shoes -No hot water on feet -Thick soft socks without seams |
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Venous insufficiency ulcer characteristics? |
-Pain is mild to moderate -Decreased pain with elevation -Occurs at medial lower leg; medial malleolus -Wound is irregular in shape, red wound bed, a lot of drainage -Edema, cellulits, dermatits -Normal to mild warmth temp
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Prevention of venous inssuficiency ulcers? |
-Avoid long sitting or standing -Raise legs above level of heart often -Compression stockings -Sturdy, comfortable shoes -Balanced diet -Wash legs and feed daily with warm water -Inspect legs and feet daily
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