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270 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Contraindications for ultrasound
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"PM BITE"
"JVBREFPAOspg" Pregnancy Malignancy Brain Infection TB Eyes Joint replacements Vascular problems Bony prominances Reproductive organs Epiphyseal plates in young Fractures Poor sensation Advanced heart disease Over -spinal cord -plexuses -ganglia |
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Maximum # of applications for Ultrasound?
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14
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If no improvement seen after _____ treatments, discontinue use of ultrasound.
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3
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For ultrasound, never exceed how many minuets?
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10 minutes
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What is the duration of a typical ultrasound treatment?
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5-10 minutes
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Duration of an ultrasound treatment in an ACUTE patient?
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4-6 minutes
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Duraction of an ultrasound treatment in a SUBACUTE patient?
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6-8 minutes
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Duraction of an ultrasound treatment in a CHRONIC patient?
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8-10 minutes
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Name the 3 types of ultrasound applications.
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1) direct contact
2) immersion 3) bladder |
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How large should an area for ultrasound treatment be?
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2-3x the sound head
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What is the ultrasound setting for an ACUTE patient (deepl)?
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1 MHZ
4-6 minute duration 0.5-1.5 W/cm2 10-20% duty cycle |
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What is the ultrasound setting for a SUBACUTE patient (deepl)?
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1 MHZ
6-8 minutes 0.75-1.25 W/cm2 20-50% duty cycle |
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What is the ultrasound setting for a CHRONIC patient (deep)?
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1 MHZ
8-10 minutes 1.0-2.0 W/cm2 100% duration |
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What is the ultrasound setting for an ACUTE patient (superficial)?
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3.3 MHZ
4-6 minutes 0.5 W/cm2 50% duraction |
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What is the ultrasound setting for a SUBACUTE patient (superficial)?
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3.3 MHZ
6-8 minutes 0.75-1.0 W/cm2 50% duration |
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What is the ultrasound setting for a CHRONIC patient (superficial)?
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3.3 MHZ
8-10 minutes 0.5-1.0 W/cm2 100% duration |
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Use of ultrasound to drive in topical medium into tissues?
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Phonophoresis
*lidocaine salicylates cortisol dexamethasone (cortisone) |
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What is the role of PT?
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1)procedures are used to replicate the body's innate natural responses.
2) can be used to prepare pt for adjustment. 3) major objective is to bring body into homeostasis as effectively as possible |
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What does destruction of tissue cause?
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inflammatory response
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What is the body's response to injury?
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"SHARP"
Swelling Heat Altered Function Redness Pain |
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What is the aka for the acute stage of healing?
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Inflammatory response stage
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What is the aka for the subacute stage of healing?
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Passive congestion stage
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Wht is the aka for the chronic stage of healing?
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maturation/remodeling stage
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When is the acute stage of healing?
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time of injury to 72 hours
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When is the subacute stage of healing?
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3-14 days after injury
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When is the chronic stage of healing?
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from day 14 on....
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What occurs in the subacute stage of healing?
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No active inflammation, but edema is present.
-mast cells -histamines -fibroblasts Area swollen, but not getting more swollen. Area not as hot. Lots of fibroblastic activity. |
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What is the role of histamine?
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increase vascular permeability
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What is granulationi tissue?
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-new tissue being layed down
-occurs w/in the acute stage |
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What do fibroblasts produce?
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1) collagen
2) fibrin |
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What happens in the Chronic phase of injury?
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-fibroblastic repair via granulation tissue
-can have an acute flare up -if inflammation phase persists, excessive fibrogenesis occurs, which oresults in tissue damage -important to control amount of inflammation |
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An injury has to be with a person for how many months to be legally considered as chronic?
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6 months
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If you are injured, you are how many more times to get injured a 2nd time?
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4x
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If you are injured 2x, how many more times are you likely to be injured a 3rd time?
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10x
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What are factors that impair healing?
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-extent of injury
-extent of edema -poor vascularity -injury characteristics -ms spasm -corticosteroids -infection -health, age and nutrition -stress/emotional status |
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What does infection do to impair healing?
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It drains the area of its natural resources.
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How does stress and emotional status impair healing?
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chronic pain syndromes have a harder time with neural plasticity.
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What do PT modalities help with?
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-reduction of inflammation, spasm, stress, and pain
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How does PT help pts in the chronic phase?
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-improve remodeling by decreasing spasm, increasing ROM, ms re-education, and strengthening
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What does PRICES stand for in PT mediation?
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Protection
Rest Ice Compression Elevation Supports |
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In which phase of injury do you NOT address muscle issues?
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Acute phase
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Modalities used in Acute phase of injury?
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"CLUES"
Cryotherapy Laser Ultrasound Electrical stimulation (LVG) SWD/MWD |
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Modalities used in Subacute phase of injury?
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"SUE CCL"
Superficial Heat Ultrasound ESC Cryotherapy Contrast baths Laser |
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Modalities used in Chronic phase of injury?
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"SMS CLUE"
SWD MWD Superficial heat Cryotherapy Laser Ultrasound ESC |
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What do you call energy traveling thru space?
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radiation
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What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
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refers to a range of HZ and wavelengths associated with radient energy.
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Size of wavelengths that produce thermal energy?
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long
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Size of wavelengths that produce chemical energy?
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short
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ESC that have the longest wavelength affect what in the body?
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1) nerve
2) muscle tissue |
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Cutaneous nerve stimulation at slightly higher HZ?
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TENS
=transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (stimulates sensory nerves only) |
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High frequency SWD and MWD causes what?
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heat
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Infrared modalities penetrate up to how many centimeters?
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1 cm
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What has the LONGEST wavelength?
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ESC=Electrical Stimulating Currents
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The greater the wavelength, the more likely to stimulate what?
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a nerve
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What can contract muscles?
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interferentials
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What is released with high frequencies?
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enkephalins
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What is released with low frequencies?
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endorphins
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Functions of SWD and MWD?
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-causes movement
-causes change in electrical field -heat generating modalities that are good with deep tissues |
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Arnold-Schultz Law
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Weak = stimulus excites physiological activity
Moderately strong = favors it Strong = retards it Very strong = stops it |
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Cosing law
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As the energy vector approaches a more perpendicular axis with respect to the surface, more energy is absorbed by the surface.
"like skipping rocks -ex: laser IR US Diathermy |
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Law of Grothus-Draper.
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-energy not absorbed in SUPERFICIAL tissue will be absorbed in DEEP tissues
-it's how diathermy and ultrasound work with deep tissues |
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Inverse square law
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-intensity of energy varies INVERSELY with the SQUARE of the distance from the source
-there is an EXPONENTIAL charge in energy intensity -for radiation therapies |
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The different laws learned in PT class apply to which modalities?
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1) Infrared lamps
2) UV 3) Diathermy |
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What do you call the distance between 2 consecutive peaks?
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wavelength
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# of wavelengths/unit time
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Frequency
-cycles/second in HZ |
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How many Hz are in 1 MHZ?
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1,000,000 Hz
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General contraindications for ALL modalities?
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"HIM"
Hemorrhage (systemic) Inflammation w/suppuration (infection) Malignancy |
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General contraindications for Heating Modalities?
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"LEAP Over"
Late Stage Diabetes Encapsulated swelling Active TB Poor sensory sensation Over Low back/pelvis when pregnant |
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General contraindications for Electrical Modalities?
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"PP over BELCH"
Pacemaker Poor sensory perception Brain (transcerebral) Eyes Low back/pelvis when prengnant Carotid Sinuses Heart (transthoracic) |
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Transcerebral and transthoracic placement of electrical modalities are contraindicated. How can we help these areas?
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Place modality co-planarly
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Primary action of cryotherapy?
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vasoconstriction
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What does vasocontriction do for the body with cryotherapy?
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-prevents heat by controlling hemorrhage and edema
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Cryotherapy decreases metabolism of the body. How is this beneficial?
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Protects from hypoxia
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Cryotherapy decreases excitability of nerve endings. How is this beneficial?
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Decreases pain
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What type of RXN is cryotherapy?
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hypothermic reaction
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What are the effects of cryotherapy?
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1) vasoconstriction
2) manages Musculoskeletal injury 3) controls hemorrhage and edema 4) protects from hypoxia 5) decreases pain 6) increases threshold of ms spindle fibers in decreases ms spasm 7) increases jt stiffness 8) increases firing of cold receptors |
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Cryotherapy increases firing of cold receptors. How is this beneficial?
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-decrease pain perception thru Melzach-Wall spinal gate theory
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What is Melzach-Wall Spinal Gate Theory?
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COMPETITIVE INHIBITION
-sensory stimuli thru large A(beta) fibers -pain trhu large & small A(delta) & C fibers -impulses travel faster thru large fibers *inhibit synaptic (2nd order) transmission of pain |
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What occurs in hypothermia?
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1) inc. pulse rate
2) inc. BP 3) inc. respiration 4) shivering |
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At what body temperature can shivering occur?
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96 degrees
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Alternating vasocontriction and dilation follows vasocontriction.
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Lewis-Hunting Response
=hunting response "lewis" body looking for a temperature that will not cause injury |
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Contraindications for cryotherapy?
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"CPC GRIP"
Cryesthesia Poor Sensory Perception Chilblain (pernio0 Gouty arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Impaired circulation Paroxysmal cold hemaglobinuria |
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Rapid congestion of skin due to temperature change?
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Chilblain (pernio)
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Hypersensitivity to cold?
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cryesthesia
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Poor sensory perception can be seen in which patients?
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1) Peripheral nerve damage
2) Late stage diabetes 3) Very old |
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Impaired circulation can be seen in which patients?
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1) Raynaud's phenomenon
2) peripheral vascular disease 3) cardiac conditions 4) pts who don't exhibit reactive hyperemia |
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Application of cryotherapy?
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-20 minutes every 2 WAKING HOURS for ice pack or cold whirlpool
-if numbness occurs before 20 minutes, then remove ice pack or get out of whirlpool -warn pt not to ice in bed |
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Physiology of cryotherapy
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"CBAIN"
cold sensation burning sensation aching sensation intense pain numbness |
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What is the end stage of cryotherapy?
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numbness
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How long does intense pain occur during cryotherapy application?
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approximately 30 seconds
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Name the 3 modes of cooling.
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1) conduction
2) convection 3) evaporation |
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Mode of cooling involving contact thru a medium cooler than your skin?
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conduction
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Mode of cooling involving exchange of heat between a surface and fluid moving over a surface?
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convection
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Mode of cooling involving highly volatile liquid sprayed onto the skin?
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evaporation
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Modalities used for conduction cooling?
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1)ice packs
2)ice massage 3)ice towels |
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Modalities used for convection cooling?
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-cold whirlpool
-ice bath -contrast baths |
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Modalities used for evaporation cooling?
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1)vapocoolant sprays
-ethyl chloride -fluoromethane 2) alcohol sponge baths 3) spray and stretch |
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What do you do PRIOR to applying any modality?
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Rule out contraindications first.
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What are the 3 E's?
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Explain
Expose Examine |
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ice massage
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-ice cube held w/towel, papercup w/frozen water, ice massage cups
-applied directly to skin in circular or back & forth motion -stop when numbness is reached ~7-10 minutes -careful over bony prominences -have towel to collect melted ice |
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Ice towels
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-immerse towels in water
-(1):(2) ice mixture -wring out and apply to body partt -30 seconds - 2 mins -15 minutes total |
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Temperature of cold whirlpool for extremities?
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55-65 degrees F
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Temperature of cold whirlpool for the whole body?
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65-80 degrees F
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Treatment time in Cold whirlpool?
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10-15 minutes
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Ice bath water:ice ratio
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1:1
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Treatment time for ice bath?
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immerse no more than 10 minutes
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What do you call the insulating layer of water next to the skin?
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Thermopane
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What is it called when you numb an area first, then take it thru active exercises?
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cryokinetics
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What are contrast baths used to treat?
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subacute swelling and gravity dependent swelling, Raynauds
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Contrast baths temperatures?
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Hot
98-106 F Cold 55-65 F |
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What is the hot:cold ratio for contrast baths?
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3:1
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What is the time duration for contrast baths?
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1st 10 min HOT, then 1 minute COLD
Alternate for a total of 20 minutes |
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Vapocoolant sprays
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-ethyl chloride & fluoromethane
-trigger points -quick strokes 12 inches away -3-4 sweeps -spray and stretch |
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Active trigger point
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-pain
-tender -prevents full stretch |
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Latent trigger points
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-pain ONLY when palpated
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Associated trigger points
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-response to compensatory overload and trigger point in other muscle
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What is UV used for?
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1) erythema
2) tanning 3) vitamin D production 4) anti-bacterial 5) anti-fungal 6) anti-viral |
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Contraindications for UV radiation therapy?
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"I LASHHH"
Inflammation w/suppuration & malignancy Lupus Acute eczema Sarcoidosis Hemorrhage Hyperthyroidism Herpes simplex |
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Numerical wavelengths of UV?
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Ranges from 2000-4000A
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UV-C
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-shortwave
-far -2000-2900A -bactericidal effects |
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UV-B
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-2900-3200A
-associated with sunburn and age related skin changes |
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UV-A
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-near UV
-3200-4000A |
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Which types of UV are used clinically?
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UV-B & UV-C
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UV units?
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hot and cold quartz
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What test must be perfomed before UV therapy can be administered?
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Erythema Patch Test
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What % of UV light reaches the dermis?
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10%
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How deep does UV penetrate the skin?
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Superficial 1-2 mm
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Erythema Patch Test
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-lamp is 30-36" away
-treat 15 seconds -cover holes @ 5 second intervals thru a 5 hole card -time for tx is time it took for a mild erythema dose by viewing pt next day -increase 15 seconds each visit to MAXIMUM of 3 mins -decrease distance 2" to a minimum of 18" |
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What is the most superficial penetration of all the physiotherapy modalitis?
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UV radiation
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AKA for short UV wavelength?
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far
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AKA for erythema patch test?
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sleeve test
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What does MED stand for?
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Minimal erythermal dose
-reddening without desquamation |
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1st degree burn
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redding with slight desquamation
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2nd degree burn
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considerable reddening with itching, burning, desquamation and blistering
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3rd degree burn
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intense rxn with swelling, edema, and blistering
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4th degreen burn
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charring muscle and bone
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What causes erythema in UV therapy?
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histamine released from cells
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Photosensitivity can occur in pts taking which type of medications?
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1) tetracyclines
2) sulfonamides 3) thimizide diuretics |
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The 5 stages of burn are determined how many hours after exposure?
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24 hours
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What are the 5 stages of burn?
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SED
MED 1st degree burn 2nd degree burn 3rd degree burn |
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What does SED stand for?
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sub-erythermal dose
-no reddening |
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What is the primary effect of UV radiation?
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Photochemical
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What is the primary effect of heating modalities?
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Thermal
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What is the primary effect of cryotherapy?
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vascocontriction
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Heating modalities fall within 2 sections of the electromagnetic spectrum. What are they?
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1) infrared
2) diathermy |
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What is the deepest penetrating heating modality?
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Ultrasound
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Which modalities provide superficial heat?
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infrared modalities
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Which modalities provide deep heat?
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1) diathermy
2) ultrasound |
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Modes of transmission of infrared modalities?
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1) convection
2) conduction 3) radiation |
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How do deep heat modalities transfer heat?
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Conversion of electrical or mechanical energy into heat
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Name 3 sources of heat.
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1) chemical
2) mechanical 3) electrical |
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Chemical heat
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exothermic rxns such as instant hot packs
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Mechanical heat
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sources such as friction, or Ultrasound (soundwaves)
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Electrical heat
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energy is converted to heat as its conduction is resisted (Joules Law)
diathermy |
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What are the 4 modes of heat transmission?
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1) Conduction
2) Convection 3) Radiation 4) Conversion |
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What 3 physiological rxns are caused by heat?
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1) analgesic affect
2) increase in local metabolism 3) sedation of sensory nerves |
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After the physiological rxns of heat, further heat exposure attracts what?
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histamines
-vasodilation occurs |
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Local effects of heat application?
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1) inc. superficial local temp.
2) inc. local metabolism 3) vasodilation 4) inc. leukocytosis/phagocytosis & lymphatic/venous drainage 5)inc. elasticity of soft tissue 6)analgesia (inc. threshold) 7)decrease ms spasm by decreasing activity of ms spindle fibers |
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Systemic effects of heat application?
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1) inc. oxidation
2) inc. heartrate 3) hypotension |
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Law of Van't-Hoff
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for every 10 degrees celcius rise in temperature, there is an increase in rate of oxidation y 2-3x
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How does a rise in temperature affect heartrate?
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every degree F increased heartrate by 10 beats/min
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Heating modalities can be used for everything EXCEPT what?
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acute musculoskeletal conditions
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Contraindications for heating modalities?
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-deficient vascular disease
-poor sensation -malignancy -bleeding tendancies -active TB -over low back/pelvis preg. -acute stage of injury -very young, old, or debilitated -remove metal from body -fair skinned pts |
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Contraindications for paraffin baths?
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Dermatological conditions:
-rashes -fungal infections -poison ivy/oak -open wounds -skin abrasions |
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Superficial heat by conduction.
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1) hot packs
2) kenny packs 3) paraffin baths -dipping -immersion -painting |
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Hot packs are heated in what machine?
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hydrocollator
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The hydrocollator unit should be kept at what temperature?
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140-170 degrees F
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Treatment time for hot packs?
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20-30 minutes
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Wool cloths heated with steam are called what?
|
kenny packs
-140 degrees -lose heat quickly |
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Ratio of paraffin wax:mineral oil in paraffin baths?
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7:1
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Paraffin baths should be at what temperature?
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125-130 degrees F
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What is the most common method for applying paraffini?
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Dipping
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Dipping method of paraffin
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-insert area into wax
-pull out & let dry -repeat 7-10x (don't dip farther than previous dip -cover w/plastic then a towel -let sit/stretch for 20-30 minutes |
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Immersion method of paraffin application.
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same as dipping, but instead of wrapping, immerse area in wax for 20-30 minutes
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Painting method of paraffin application.
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-layer area w/wax by painting or pouring it
-7-10 layers, then wrap |
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Superficial heat by convection
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1)whirlpool baths
2)hubbard tank 3)sitz baths 4)contrast baths 5)fluidotherapy |
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Use of water to treat in a solid, liquid, or gas form is called?
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hydrotherapy
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What is the temperature range for COLD?
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55-65 degrees F
-used for extremities |
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What is the temperature range for COOL?
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65-85 degrees F
-used for the whole body |
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What is the temperature range for HOT?
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98-104 degrees F
-whirlpool |
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Which modality helps remove thermopane?
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whirlpool
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Whirlpools should be set at what temperature range?
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98-104 degrees F
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How long should pts sit in a hot whirlpool?
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15-30 minutes
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What's a disadvantage of having a whirlpool in your office?
|
needs to be drained and cleaned after each use
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Hubbard tank
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-stainless steel tanki
-larger than a whirlpool tank wiith hoisting devices -large enough to accommodate pt and therapist |
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Contraindications for whirlpool and hubbard tank?
|
-cardiac condition
-respiratory condition -circulatory condition -very old -bowel dysfunction -bladder dysfunction |
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A specialized bath to treat pelvic disorders?
|
Sitz bath
-hemorrhoid -dysmenorrhea -coccydynia -prostatitis |
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Temperature and duration for sitz bath therapy?
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105-115 degrees F
2-10 minutes |
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Name 4 hydrotherapy treatments.
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1) whirlpool
2) hubbard tank 3) sitz bath 4) contrast baths |
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A dry whirlpool used for therapy is called what?
|
fluidotherapy
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Temperature of fluidotherapy?
|
118 degrees F
-hot air blows gound up corncobs |
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Treatment time for fluidotherapy?
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20 minutes
-for extremities |
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Name the 2 subdivisions of infrared units.
|
1) non-luminous IR
=longwave 2) luminous IR =shortwave |
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Which modality provides the LEAST penetration of all the heating modalities?
|
IR units
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How much do IR units penetrate the skin?
|
1-3 mm
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Contraindications of iR radiation therapy?
|
1) New scars
2) liniments with metal 3) pt undergoing radiation treatment for cancer |
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How far away from the tx area should the IR lamp be place?
|
18-20" away
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What is a physiological effect of IR radiation therapy?
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pigmentation
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What is the treatment time for IR radiation therapy?
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20 minutes
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Name the 2 deep heating modalities.
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1) Diathermy (SWD & MWD)
2) Ultrasound |
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Which modality heats according to Joule's Law?
|
Diathermy
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The amount of ELECTRICAL energy converted to HEAT is proportional to the RESISTANCE thru which the current travels thru is which law?
|
Joule's Law
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Which diathermy unit has a higher frequency?
|
microwave diathermy
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Modality having both electrical and magnetic fields?
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SWD
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Modality having electrical fields?
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MWD
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Modality having sound waves?
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ultrasound
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Who regulates the HZ of diathermy units?
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FCC
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What is the primary effect of diathermy?
|
thermal
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SWD is used to help with what?
|
1) bronchitis
2) sinusitis 3) pneumonitis |
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MWD is used to help with what?
|
musculoskeletal conditions
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Contraindications for SWD and MWD?
|
-hearing aides (at least 2 meters from unit
-over epiphyseal plates in young -fluid-filled areas -over moist dressings -contact lens/eyes -pacemakers -testes -metal -radiation therapy -brain -advanced osteoporosis -occlusive arterial disease, varicosities, phlebitis |
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Dosages of short wave diathermy?
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Dose 1: just below sensation
Dose 2: mild heat sensation Dose 3: moderate Dose 4: vigorous heating |
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Short wave diathermy
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-heating is DIRECTLY proportional to SQURE of current strength
-heat produced is proportional to DURATION of current flow -need to rely on pt feedback since tissue densities are unknown |
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Treat acute condition with SWD.
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2-5 minutes
Dose I |
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Treat subacute condition with SWD.
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20 minutes
Dose 2 & 3 |
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Treat chronic condition with SWD.
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20-30 minutes
Dose 4 |
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What are the 2 types of SWD?
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1) capacitor electrodes
2) induction electrodes |
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What is a special condensor pad in SWD that is used for the treatment of sinus conditions?
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a butterfly electrode
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SWD:
Capacitor electrodes? |
-use condensor pads or airspace plates
-as a current is applied, a strong ELECTRIC field is generated |
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SWD:
Induction electrodes? |
-pancake cable coil, wrap around cable, drum electrode
-create a MAGNETIC field -also create EDDY currents which create intermolecular oscillations that generate heat |
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Penetration of SWD is approxiamtely what?
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3 cm (up to 5 cm depending on intensity)
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Heating from the outside in?
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SWD
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Heating from the inside out?
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MWD
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Treatment time for MWD?
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10-20 minutes
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Microwave diathermy
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-beams energy toward pt therefore more reflection of waves
-higher Hz than SWD, with strong electrical field -cause vibrations in molecules with high polarity |
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Where can't you use MWD?
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in areas with more than 1 cm of fat
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Special precautions with MWD?
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1) Risk of miscarriages
2) cannot be used with sinusitis or otis media |
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MWD dosages?
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-dosage varies with distance from skin
1" = 20-40% power 2" = 30-60% power 5" = 90-100% power |
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Penetration of ultrasound?
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4-6 cm (deepest)
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What is considered to the the deepest heating modality?
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ultrasound
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Name 3 uses for ultrasound.
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1) destructive (gallstones)
2) diagnostic imaging 3) therapeutic agent |
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Ultrasound is what type of energy?
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acoustic
-creates heat thru conversion -converts electrical energy into mechanical energy thru piezoelectric crystals |
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Piezoelectric crystals?
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-quartz
-lead zirconate -barium titanate -nickel cobalt *crystals deform (expand & contract) when alternating current is passed thru them |
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What are the two types of waves that travel thru the body?
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1) longitudinal waves
2) transverse waves |
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Which type of waves travel thru solid and liquid?
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longitudinal waves
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Which type of waves travel thru bone only?
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transverse waves
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US travels primarily thru which type of waves?
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longitudinal
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Periosteal burn?
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when US hits bone some of the longitudinal waves will reflect back and collide with incoming waves causing heat build up.
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What type of tissue is US transmitted best thru?
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tissues with HIGH water content
-ex: blood |
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Where is US most completely reflected?
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soft tissue/air interface
=99.9% |
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In the body, where is US mostly reflected?
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soft tissue/bone interface
=15-40% |
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Frequency of ultrasound?
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between 1 Hz - 3.3 Hz
-lower frequencies are absorbed in deeper tissues, while higher frequencies are absorbed in superficial tissues |
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US frequency used for superficial tissues?
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3.3 HZ
-1-2 cm |
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Ultrasound frequency used for deep tissues?
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1 Hz
-2-5 cm |
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Ultrasound intensity should not exceed what?
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2.5 W/cm2
-energy/unit area |
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What are the primary effects of ultrasound?
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1) thermal
2) mechanical 3) chemical 4) neural |
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Thermal effects of US?
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-deep heating
-vasodilation -increase leukocytosis -increase red myospasm |
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Mechanical effects of US?
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-micro massage
-disperse fluid |
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Chemical effects of US?
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-increase oxidation
-increase healing |
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Neural effects of US?
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-mild analgesia
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Thermal effects of temperature increase:
- 1 degree C |
-increase metabolism and healing
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Thermal effects of temperature increase:
-2-3 degrees C |
-decrease pain and muscle spasm
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Thermal effects of temperature increase:
-4 degrees C or more |
-increse extensibility of collagen
-decreaase joint stiffness |
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Advantages of Diathermy over US?
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-larger area
-less work -less heat decay |
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Advantages of US over diathermy?
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-heats tissues up faster
-does not heat ALL layers |
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Non-thermal effects of ultrasound?
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-increase soft tissue repair (increase fibroblast activity)
-increase protein synthesis, tissue regeneration -increase blood flow |
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Which cells in the body detect injury?
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mast cells
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What can stimulate release of histamines thru cavitations and microstreaming?
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ultrasound
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Formation of gas bubbles that expand and compress as a result of ultrasound induced pressure changes are termed?
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cavitations
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Unidirectional flowing of fluids along boundaries of cell membranes from pressure wave caused by ultrasound is termed?
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microstreaming
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Direct contact, Acute stage
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1 MHz:
.5-1.5 w/cm2 4-6 min pulsed 10-20% 3.3 MHz: .5 w/cm2 4-6 mins 50 % |
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Direct contact, Subacute stage
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1 MHz:
.75-1.25 w/cm2 6-8 mins pulsed 20-50% 3.3 MHz: .75-1 w/cm2 6-8 mins 50% |
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Direct contact, chronic stage
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1 MHz:
1-2 w/cm2 8-10 mins continuous 100% 3.3 MHz: .5-1 w/cm2 8-10 mins 100% |
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For US immersion technique, how far away from the surface of the skin should the US head be held?
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one inch
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Immersion technique, acute stage
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1 MHz:
1-2 w/cm2 4-6 min pulsed 10-20% |
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Immersion technique,
subacute stage |
1 MHz
1.25-1.75 w/cm2 6-8 mins pulsed 20-50% |
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Immersion technique,
chronic stage |
1 MHz
1.5-2.5 w/cm2 8-10 mins continuous 100% |
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Bladder technique,
acute stage |
1 MHz
1-2 w/cm2 4-6 mins pulsed 10-20 % |
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Bladder technique, subacute stage
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1 MHz
1.25-1.75 w/cm2 6-8 mins pulsed 20-50% |
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Bladder technique,
chronic stage |
1 MHz
1.5-2.5 w/cm2 8-10 mins continuous 100% |
