Pt Ch 16

Front 1

Behaviorism

Back 1

Using psychometrics to build theories of human personality. Emerged from laboratory studies of animals and humans.

Front 2

Radical Behaviorism

Back 2

A doctrine that avoids all hypothetical constructs, such as ego, traits, drives, needs, hunger, and so forth.

Front 3

Law of Effect

Back 3

Learning takes place mostly because of the effects that follow a response.

Front 4

Two parts of the law of effect?

Back 4

1) Satisfier

2) Annoyer

Front 5

Satisfier

Back 5

"Stamped in" behavior. (reward)

Front 6

Annoyer

Back 6

"Stamped out" behavior. (punishment)

Front 7

Cosmology

Back 7

The concern with causation.

Front 8

3 main characteristics of science?

Back 8

1) It is cumulative

2) It is an attitude that involves empirical observation

3) It is a search for order and lawful relationships

Front 9

2 types of conditioning?

Back 9

1) Classical

2) Operant

Front 10

Classical (respondent) Conditioning

Back 10

A neutral stimulus is paired with and unconditional stimulus a number of times until it is capable of bringing out a previously unconditioned response.

Front 11

Operant Conditioning

Back 11

Most human behaviors are learned by immediate reinforcement of a response. An organism first does something then is reinforced by the environment.

Front 12

Shaping

Back 12

A procedure in which the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations, and then finally the desired behavior itself.

Front 13

Successive Approximations

Back 13

The experimenter or the environment gradually shapes the final complex set behaviors.

Front 14

Operant Discimination

Back 14

Differential reinforcement until behavior occurs in only specific situation.

Front 15

Stimulus Generalization

Back 15

Emitting the same behavior in a similar situation.

Front 16

Reinforcement

Back 16

Has two effects; It strengthens the behavior and rewards the person.

Front 17

Positive Reinforcement

Back 17

Any stimulus, when added to a situation, increases the probability that a behavior will occur.

Front 18

Negative Reinforcement

Back 18

The removal of an aversive stimulus from a situation increases the probability that a specific behavior will occur.

Front 19

Punishment

Back 19

The presentation of an aversive stimulus, such as an electric shock, or the removal of a positive one, such as disconnecting an adolescent's phone.

Front 20

Effects of Punishment

Back 20

1) Bahavior is suppressed

2) Conditioning of a negative feeling

3) Spread of it's effects

Front 21

Punishment and Reinforcement can both derive from..

Back 21

1) Natural consequences

2) Human imposition

Front 22

Conditioned Reinforcer

Back 22

Those environmental stimuli that are not by nature satisfying but become so because they are associated with such unlearned or primary reinforcers such as food, water, sex, or physical comfort.

Front 23

Generalized Reinforcer

Back 23

When a stimuli is associated with more than one primary reinforcer. (money)

Front 24

5 generalized reinforcers?

Back 24

1) Attention

2) Approval

3) Affection

4) Submission to others

5) Tokens (money)

Front 25

Continuous Schedule

Back 25

An organism is reinforced for every response.

Front 26

Intermittent Schedule

Back 26

A rate other than continuous for reinforcements.

Front 27

4 basic intermittent schedules?

Back 27

1) Fixed-ratio

2) Variable-ratio

3) Fixed-interval

4) Variable-interval

Front 28

Fixed-ratio Schedule

Back 28

The organism is reinforced intermittently according to the number of responses it makes.

Front 29

Variable-ratio Schedule

Back 29

Reinforced after the nth response on average

Front 30

Fixed-interval Schedule

Back 30

The organism is reinforced for the first response following a designated period of time.

Front 31

Variable-interval Schedule

Back 31

The organism is reinforced after the lapse of random or varied periods of time.

Front 32

4 reasons why behavior is lost?

Back 32

1) Forgotten due to passage of time

2) Interference due to preceding or subsequent learning

3) Disappear due to punishment

4) Extinction due to nonreinforcement

Front 33

Extinction

Back 33

The rendency of a previously required response to become progressively weakened upon reinforcement.

Front 34

Operant Extinction

Back 34

Takes place when an experimenter systematically withholds reinforcement of a previously learned response until the probability of that response diminishes to zero.

Front 35

Inner States?

Back 35

1) Self-awareness

2) Drives

3) Emotions

4) Purpose and Intention

Front 36

Self-awareness

Back 36

Humans have conciousness and are also aware of that. We are aware of the environment and are also aware that we are a part of the environment. We not only observe stimuli but are also aware that we observe the stimuli.

Front 37

Drives

Back 37

Not the cause of behavior, but merely explanatory fictions. Refer to the effects of deprivation and satiation.

Front 38

Emotions

Back 38

Behavior is not attributed to these but simply accompany successful reinforced behaviors.

Front 39

Purpose and Intention

Back 39

Both are physical stimuli and not the cause of behavior.

Front 40

Complex behavior?

Back 40

1) Higher mental process

2) Creativity

3) Unconscious behavior

4) Dreams

5) Social behavior

Front 41

Higher Mental Process

Back 41

Covert behaviors that are manipulate environmental variables and are internally reinforcing for doing so.

Front 42

Creativity

Back 42

Random/accidental covert or overt behaviors that are rewarded.

Front 43

Unconscious Behavior

Back 43

Overt or covert behavior that one learns not to exhibit or not to think about due to being reinforced/punished.

Front 44

Dreams

Back 44

Covert and symbolic behavior that is reinforced.

Front 45

Social Behavior

Back 45

Individuals are reinforced for engaging in group behavior.

Front 46

Control of human behavior?

Back 46

1) Social Control

2) Self-Control

Front 47

Social Control

Back 47

Not due to something internal; we set up environmental contingencies to control people.

Front 48

Self-Control

Back 48

Not due to something internal; We manipulate the environment so as to influence the probability of us behaving in a certain way.

Front 49

Counteracting Stategies to excessive control?

Back 49

1) Escape

2) Revolt

3) Passive-resistance

Front 50

Escape

Back 50

withdrawal physically or psychologically from the control.

Front 51

Revolt

Back 51

Aggress toward controlling agent.

Front 52

Passive-resistance

Back 52

When escape and revolt fail, the person is passive-aggresive.

Front 53

Inappropriate Behaviors?

Back 53

self defeating techniques when counteracting strategies or self-control fails.

Front 54

5 inappropriate behaviors?

Back 54

1) Excessively vigorous behavior

2) Excessively restrained behavior

3) Blocking out reality

4) Self-deluding responses

5) Self-punishment