Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does the CSF system include?
|
ventricles, meninges, CSF
|
|
|
Where does CSF circulate
|
in the ventricles and the subarachnoid space
|
|
|
Where is CSF produced
|
mainly in the lateral ventricle and sometimes in the 3rd
|
|
|
What structure surrounds the 3rd ventricle
|
thalamus
|
|
|
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
|
the space between the pons and medulla anteriorly and cerebellum posteriorly
|
|
|
What is the flow of CSF
|
lateral ventricle, interventricular foramen, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th venricle continuous with central canal of spinal cord. Drains into subarachnoid space through 2 lateral foramina (foramina of luschka) and midline opening (foramen of magendie)
|
|
|
What are the arachnoid villi
|
projections into sinuses which allow for CSF to flow into sinuses
|
|
|
What are denticulate ligaments
|
extensions of the pia that anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater
|
|
|
Why do we have dura sinuses
|
they are spaces for collection of venous blood and CSF
|
|
|
What is the diaphragma sellae
|
covers pituitary fossa and admit infundibulum though a small perforation
|
|
|
What does the supratentorial compartment contain
|
cerebrum
|
|
|
what does the infratentorial compartment contain
|
brainstem and cerebellum
|
|
|
Where does CSF empty into after being in the dural venous sinuses?
|
jugular vein
|
|
|
What is the most common disorder of the CSF system
|
hydrocephalus
|
|
|
What cause hydrocephalus
|
blockage of CSF system
|
|
|
What is the most common causes of hematomas
|
trauma
|
|
|
How many potential spaces are associated with the dura and where are they?
|
2. Epidural space: potential space between the dura and calvaria. Subdural space: potential space in the innermost dural layer- near the dura-arachnoid interface
|
|
|
Hematoma facts and characteristics
|
arterial bleeding between the skull and dura mater. commonly caused bye rupture of middle meningeal artery.
Signs and symptoms develop rapidly within a few hours and include headache, nausea, vomiting, babinski, hemiparesis. and most commonly occurs where pterion is |
|
|
What causes the headache in the epidural hematoma?
|
stripping of dura mater from the inside of the head
|
|
|
what is a lucid interval
|
a hallmark sign of a epidural hematoma where patient regains consciousness and then rapidly into unconsciousness later
|
|
|
Why are subdural hematomas worse than epidural hematomas?
|
because the onset of subdurals are much slower so they harder to catch. subdurals can go untreated for up to 2 wks
|
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of subdural hematomas
|
similar to epidural hematomas except confusion is more prominent
|
|
|
What is the most lethal head injures?
|
acute subdural hematomas. 60-80% mortality rate if not rapidly treated with surgical decompression
|
|
|
What are the major dural sinuses
|
Superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, straight sinus, confluence of sinuses
|
|
|
what are the 4 smaller dural sinuses
|
inferior sagittal sinus, occiptial sinus, superior petrosal sinus, and inferior petrosal sinus
|
|
|
What is hydrocephalus?
|
an enlargement of the ventricles (aka "water on the brain) caused by blockage of CSF system
|
|
|
What are the infant signs for hydrocephalus
|
large head for age, large anterior fontanel, poor feeding, inactivity, downward gaze from compression on oculomotor nerve center
|
|
|
common causes of congenital hydrocephalus
|
failure of 4th ventricle foramina to open, blockage of cerebral aqueduct, cysts in 4th ventricle, arnold chiari malformation
|
|
|
How does hydrocephhalus cause increased icp in older children and adults?
|
the cranium cannot expand so the nervous tissue gets compressed (particularly white matter) from shifting and expanding of ventricles
|
|
|
What are the common signs/symptoms of hydrocephalus
|
Gait and balance impairments, incontinence, headache, and frontal lobe abnormalities
|
|
|
What is Hakim triad?
|
The triad of gait instability, urinary incontinence and dementia is a relatively typical manifestation of the distinct entity normal pressure hydrocephalus NPH
|
|
|
What are the causes of hydrocephalus
|
The most common cause of hydrocepalus is CSF flow obstruction secondary to tumors, hemorrhages, infections or congenital formations. hydrocephalus can also be caused by over production of CSF
|
|
|
What are the 3 levels of progression classification based on time of onset for stroke?
|
Transient Ischemic attack, completed stroke, progressive stroke.
|
|
|
What is a TIA?
|
A brief focal loss of function with full recover from neurologic deficits within 24 hrs
|
|
|
What is a completed stroke?
|
deficits which persist for more than 1 day and are stable
|
|
|
What is a progressive stroke?
|
deficits that increase intermittently over time. thought to be due to repeated emboli or continued formation of a thrombus
|
|
|
What are the 3 types of stroke?
|
ischemic, intracerebral hemmorage, subaracnoid hemmorage
|
|
|
What is the most common type of stroke?
|
Ischemic. accounts for 88% of all strokes
|
|
|
What category does a thrombotic and embolic stroke fall under and what are the differences between the 2?
|
they are both ischemic. a thrombotic stroke is a clot formed with in the brain or local vicinity. A embolic stroke is a clot produced somewhere else in the body
|
|
|
What vessel does a large vessel thrombosis usually block?
|
the larger blood supplying arteries of the brain (carotid or middle cerebral)
|
|
|
where is the most common site for a clot to come from in an embolic stoke?
|
the heart, creates an instantaneous blockage so there is an almost immediate onset of deficits
|
|
|
What are the common causes of embolic stroke?
|
narrowing arteries from atherosclerosis, and blood clots from heart-from irregular heartbeat, heart attack, and abnormalities of heart valves, other causes include the use of street drugs,
|
|
|
What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?
|
When a blood vessel just outside the brain ruptures and the subarachnoid space rapidly fills with blood, sudden and intense headache, nausea, and or vomiting. can block CSF and cause hydrocephalus
|
|
|
Where does an intracerebral hemorrhage usually occur?
|
generally occurs in small arteries or arterioles. also common in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, or cortex
|
