Pt 713 Principles Of Pharm

Front 1

What is a drug?

Back 1

A substance that interacts with living systems through chemical processes and alters physiologic function

Front 2

Why is pharmacology important for PTs? (4)

Back 2

1) Side effects can occur that affect PT and vice versa
2) Time drug given can affect therapy
3) Know the patient's comorbidities
4) Good to know meds with other health professionals discussing

Front 3

What is toxicology?

Back 3

Study of harmful effects of chemicals

Front 4

What is a pharmacy?

Back 4

Preparation and dispensing of drugs

Front 5

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

Back 5

The use of drugs to prevent, treat or diagnose a disease

Front 6

What is pharmacokinetics?

Back 6

The movement of the drug as it goes through the body (what the body does to the drug)

Front 7

What is pharmacodynamics?

Back 7

What the drug does to the body

Front 8

What are 3 types of drugs?

Back 8

1) Over the counter (OTC)
2) Prescription
3) Controlled substances

Front 9

What drug does not require a prescription?

Back 9

OTC

Front 10

What type of drug can sometimes be more expensive than a prescription?

Back 10

OTC

Front 11

Who can write a prescription? (3)

Back 11

1) Doctor
2) Physician assistant (PA)
3) Nurse practioner

Front 12

What type of drugs have special restrictions due to high potential for abuse and addiction?

Back 12

Controlled substances

Front 13

How many people (12 yo or older) had taken a prescription pain reliever, tranquilizer, stimulant or sedative for nonmedical purposes at least once in a year in 2008?

Back 13

15.2 million people

Front 14

What must PTs be aware of knowing millions of people take prescription for nonmedical purposes?

Back 14

Be aware of symptoms that could indicate drug abuse

Front 15

How many types of controlled substances are there?

Back 15

Schedule I-V

Front 16

What is a schedule I drug?

Back 16

Highest potential for abuse and not used medically (heroin, marijuana)

Front 17

What type of drug is heroin and marijuana?

Back 17

Schedule I controlled substance

Front 18

What is a schedule II drug?

Back 18

Legal for medical use and high potential for abuse and addiction (morphine). Drug is usually locked/password and counted.

Front 19

What type of drug is morphine?

Back 19

Schedule II

Front 20

What is a schedule III drug?

Back 20

Likelihood of mild to moderate physical or strong psychological dependence (codeine combined with nonopioid)

Front 21

What type of drug is codeine combined with a nonopioid such as tylenol?

Back 21

Schedule III controlled substance

Front 22

What is a schedule IV drug?

Back 22

Limited possibility of dependence (antianxiety drugs)

Front 23

What type of drugs are antianxiety?

Back 23

Schedule IV controlled substance

Front 24

What is a schedule V drug?

Back 24

Lowest abuse potential (cough medicine)

Front 25

What type of drug is cough medicine?

Back 25

Schedule V controlled substance

Front 26

What type of controlled substance has the highest potential for abuse and not used medically?

Back 26

Schedule I (heroin, marijuana)

Front 27

What type of controlled substance is legal for medicinal use, but high potential for abuse and addiction?

Back 27

Schedule II (morphine)

Front 28

What type of controlled substance is usually locked or password protected?

Back 28

Schedule II (morphine)

Front 29

What type of controlled substance is counted before and after a shift?

Back 29

Schedule II (morphine)

Front 30

What type of controlled substance has a likelihood of mild to mod physical or strong psychological dependence?

Back 30

Schedule III (codeine with tylenol or nonopioid)

Front 31

What type of controlled substance has limited possibility of dependence?

Back 31

Schedule IV (antianxiety drugs)

Front 32

What type of controlled substance has the lowest potential for abuse?

Back 32

Schedule V (cough medicine)

Front 33

What are the stages of drug development? (4)

Back 33

1) In vitro studies
2) Animal testing
3) Clinical testing
4) Marketing

Front 34

What stage of drug development do most drugs never make it through?

Back 34

Animal testing stage

Front 35

What is the purpose of phase I in clinical testing for a drug?

Back 35

Phase I--20 to 100 subjects to determine if the drug is safe (pharmacokinetics)

Front 36

What is the purpose of phase 2 in clinical testing for a drug?

Back 36

Phase 2--100 to 200 patients determining if the drug works

Front 37

What is the purpose of phase 3 in clinical testing for a drug?

Back 37

Phase 3--1,000 to 6,000 patients determining if the drug work in double blind study (placebo vs gold standard)

Front 38

What drug phase are most cancer patients using?

Back 38

Phase 3 in double blind study

Front 39

How long does in vitro studies usually last in drug development?

Back 39

Average of 2 years

Front 40

How long does animal studies usually last in drug development?

Back 40

Average of 4 years (2 additional to 2 years of in vitro)

Front 41

How long does clinical testing usually last in drug development?

Back 41

8 to 9 years (in vitro 2 + animal testing 2 + 4-5 years of clinical)

Front 42

How long must a drug be in development for new drug application (NDA)?

Back 42

8-9 years (can take up to a year to process)

Front 43

How long before generics are available after new drug is developed?

Back 43

20+ years

Front 44

What stage in drug development is phase 4 in?

Back 44

Marketing phase (surveillance)

Front 45

When does a drug become investigational new drug (IND)?

Back 45

4 years

Front 46

What can occur during phase 4 of the drug development in the marketing stage?

Back 46

Adverse effects could still occur in 1 in 10,000 pts that may not have occurred in the clinical testing period

Front 47

What are the different classifications of drug names?

Back 47

1) Chemical name
2) Generic name (official name)
3) Trade name (brand name)

Front 48

What is the chemical name of a drug?

Back 48

The full biochemical name--the drug's structure

Front 49

What is the generic or official name of a drug?

Back 49

Shortened version of the chemical name

Front 50

What is the trade or brand name?

Back 50

Company name--brand like tylenol

Front 51

What is the difference between generic vs brand name drugs, are they the same?

Back 51

Usually the same, but could have different non-active ingredients like a substance to make it go down smoother (active ingredient the same)

Front 52

What population often receives off-label drugs?

Back 52

Children

Front 53

What is meant by off-label usage of a drug?

Back 53

Using a drug for a population that the FDA did not approve for

Front 54

What is the threshold dose?

Back 54

Where the response first begins to occur in the dose-response curve

Front 55

What is the efficacy of a drug?

Back 55

The ability of a drug to produce a functional response

Front 56

What is the potency of a drug?

Back 56

The dose needed to produce a given repsonse (compare via ED50)

Front 57

What is TI and why is it important?

Back 57

Therapeutic Index (TI) is needed as an indicator of the drug's safety by comparing the toxic and beneficial dose of 50% of the population (TI=TD50/ED 50)

Front 58

When may TI be low?

Back 58

When the benefits outweigh the risks (chemotherapy drugs)

Front 59

If TI is low, what needs to be considered?

Back 59

The pt may be monitored more often to avoid toxicity

Front 60

What is TD50?

Back 60

Dose at which 50% of the population exhibits toxic effects

Front 61

What is ED50?

Back 61

Dose that 50% of the population exhibits effective effects

Front 62

What are controlled substances?

Back 62

Drugs that have specific restrictions by the government due to high potential abuse

Front 63

What must occur for a drug to become generic?

Back 63

The drug must be tested safe after 20 yrs