Pt 541 Neuroanatomy Exam 4

Front 1

What makes up the basal ganglia?

Back 1

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic Nuclei
Substantia Nigra

Front 2

Which structures of the basal ganglia are located in the cerebrum?

Back 2

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

Front 3

What compose the lentiform nucleus?

Back 3

Globus pallidus
Putamen

Front 4

What compose the striatum?

Back 4

Caudate
Putamen

Front 5

Which structure has a function that is primarily cognitive?

Back 5

Caudate

Front 6

Which structure has a function that is primarily limbic?

Back 6

Ventral Striatum

Front 7

What do the basal ganglia do?

Back 7

Adjust activity in descending tracts despite a lack of direct connections with LMN’s
Influence movement via pathways through the thalamus to motor areas of the cortex and connections with UMN’s
Regulate muscle contraction and force
Regulate multijoint movement and sequencing of movement

Front 8

How does the basal ganglia work?

Back 8

Motor planning areas of the cerebral cortex
Pedunculopontine nucleus of the brainstem (elicits rhythmical lower limb movements)

Front 9

The influence on motor planning by the basal ganglia is performed indirectly via which structure?

Back 9

Thalamus

Front 10

What is the pathway (flow) that the basal ganglia operates?

Back 10

Connection of motor and somatosenory areas of cortex send info to the putamen →
The output nuclei (substantia nigra reticularis and globus pallidus internus) →
Motor thalamus →
Motor areas of cerebral cortex →
LMN’s by way of corticofugal tracts

Front 11

What are the 3 structures directly involved in the basal ganglia circuit?

Back 11

Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Thalamus

Front 12

What is at the top of the circuit hierarchy?

Back 12

Cerebral Cortex

Front 13

What is the neurotransmitter released by the cortical neurons?

Back 13

Glutamate

Front 14

In the direct pathway, which neurotransmitter is produced?

Back 14

GABA

Front 15

Is GABA an inhibitor or facilitator?

Back 15

Inhibits

Front 16

Which pathway (direct or indirect) favors motion?

Back 16

Direct

Front 17

Which neurotransmitter solves the paradox created by the direct vs indirect pathways?

Back 17

Dopamine

Front 18

The lack of balance in the delicate system regulated by dopamine results in which condition?

Back 18

Parkinson's Disease

Front 19

What is an abnormal involuntary movement disorder that is grouped as a dyskinesias that has the characteristics of quick movements of the feet or hands that resemble playing the piano or dancing?

Back 19

Choreia

Front 20

What is a primary feature of Huntington's disease?

Back 20

Choreia

Front 21

What is a neurological movement disorder, in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures?

Back 21

Dystonia

Front 22

What are the causes of dystonia?

Back 22

None as of yet

Front 23

What is a condition in which the primary symptoms are the involuntary convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, arms, legs, and neck?

Back 23

Athetosis

Front 24

What is a condition primarily caused by the marbling, or degeneration of the basal ganglia most commonly due to complications at birth with rare cases in which damage to this structure may also arise later in life due to stroke or trauma?

Back 24

Athetosis

Front 25

What is a combination of chorea and athetosis?

Back 25

Choreoathetosis

Front 26

What is a sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle groups?

Back 26

Tics

Front 27

What can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing or toe crunching. Common motor and phonic tics are, respectively, eye blinking and throat clearing?

Back 27

Tics

Front 28

What are sometimes referred to as akinetic-rigid syndromes?

Back 28

Hypokinetic

Front 29

What provides dopamine to the striatum?

Back 29

Substantia Nigra

Front 30

Damage to the _________ results in deficits in coordination of movement and postural control?

Back 30

Cerebellum

Front 31

What are the two major roles of the cerebellum?

Back 31

Comparing actual motor output to the intended movement
Adjusting this movement as necessary

Front 32

Where the the cerebellum receive input from?

Back 32

Input comes from the cortex (via pontine nuclei), vestibular apparatus, vestibular and auditory nuclei, spinal cord (proprioceptive info, and internal feedback tracts)

Front 33

Where does output from the cerebellum travel?

Back 33

Output is via connections that influence vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, rubrospinal, corticobulbar, and corticospinal tracts.

Front 34

What are the 3 broad categories of human movement?

Back 34

Equilbrium
Gross movements of the limbs
Fine, distal, voluntary movements

Front 35

What has the function of equilibrium?

Back 35

Vestibulocerebellum

Front 36

What has the function of gross limb movement?

Back 36

Spinocerebellum

Front 37

What has the function of fine and distal movement?

Back 37

Cerebrocerebellum

Front 38

What is common to all lesions of the cerebellum?

Back 38

Ataxia

Front 39

Do unilateral lesion of the cerebellum affect the same or opposite side of the body?

Back 39

Same

Front 40

What are disorders that occur because of damage to the vestibulocerebellum?

Back 40

Nystagmus
Dysequilibrium
Difficulty maintaining sitting or standing balance (truncal ataxia)

Front 41

What are disorders that occur because of damage to the spinocerebellum?

Back 41

Ataxic gait
Limb ataxia
Dysdiadochokinesia
Dysmetria
Action tremor

Front 42

What are disorders that occur because of damage to the cerebrocerebellum?

Back 42

Dysarthria

Front 43

What would occur due to damage of the primary sensory cortex?

Back 43

Interferes most with localization of tactile stimuli and proprioception
Crude touch/awareness and thermal not affected because it occurs in the thalamus
Does not compromise localization of pain since pain is processed in the sensory association cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex

Front 44

What would occur due to damage to the primary auditory cortex?

Back 44

Only interferes with the ability to localize sounds

Front 45

What would occur due to damage of the primary vestibular cortex?

Back 45

Interferes with conscious awareness of head positions and movement

Front 46

What would occur due to damage of the primary visual cortex?

Back 46

Cause contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

Front 47

What is the inability to recognize objects using a specific sense, even though descriminative ability with that sense is intact?

Back 47

Agnosia

Front 48

What is the inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation? They can describe objects being palpated, but not recognize them.

Back 48

Astereognosis

Front 49

What is the inability to recognize objects despite having intact vision?

Back 49

Visual Agnosia

Front 50

What is it if a person has the ability to perceive sound but not recognize it?

Back 50

Auditory Agnosia

Front 51

Where is the disruption if the person has an inability to understand speech?

Back 51

Left auditory

Front 52

Where is the disruption if the person has disrupted interpretation of environmental sounds (i.e. cannot distinguish between the sound of a doorbell and the sound of footsteps)

Back 52

Right auditory

Front 53

What is the inability to perform a movement or sequence of movements despite intact sensation, automatic motor output and understanding of the task. (i.e. – may not be able to understand request to touch their nose, but then easily scratch the nose if it itches)?

Back 53

Apraxia

Front 54

Which areas are damaged with apraxia?

Back 54

Premotor Area
Supplementary Motor Area

Front 55

What is the inability to comprehend the relationship of parts to the whole and the inability to draw and arrange objects correctly in space?

Back 55

Constructional Apraxia

Front 56

What is the uncontrollable repetition of a movement that is associated more with the amount of neural damage than it is to damage of a specific site?

Back 56

Motor Perseveration

Front 57

What is difficulty expressing oneself using language or symbols that impairs both speaking and writing?

Back 57

Broca's Aphasia

Front 58

What are the 4 A's for remembering cerebral cortex disorders?

Back 58

Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Astereognosis

Front 59

Which area is associated with difficulty with executive functions?

Back 59

Dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

Front 60

Damage of which area leads to inappropriate risky behavior?

Back 60

Orbitofrontal

Front 61

Which areas are specialized for communication and comprehending space?

Back 61

Parietotemporal Association Areas

Front 62

Which type of aphasia is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language?

Back 62

Wernicke's

Front 63

Which hemisphere is Wernicke's associated with?

Back 63

Left

Front 64

Which hemisphere causes deficits in directing attention, comprehending space and understanding nonverbal communication?

Back 64

Right

Front 65

Which area tends to produce severe depression?

Back 65

Left prefrontal cortex

Front 66

Lesions in which area are often associated with euphoria or indifference?

Back 66

Right prefrontal

Front 67

What is emotional lability?

Back 67

Abnormal, uncontrolled expression of emotions

Front 68

Which area is fear conditioning?

Back 68

Amygdala

Front 69

What is a syndrome of hopelessness and a sense of worthlessness with aberrant thoughts and behavior?

Back 69

Depression