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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 4 unique characteristics of muscle tissue?
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Excitability
Contractility Elasticity Extensibility |
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What is number 1?
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Muscle Fiber
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What us number 2?
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Endomysium
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What is number 3?
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Fascicle
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What is number 4?
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Perimysium
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What is number 5?
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Epimysium
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What is number 6?
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Muscle
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What is the innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber?
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Endomysium
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What connective tissue surrounds bundles of fascicles?
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Perimysium
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What is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle?
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Epimysium
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What is an expansive sheet of dense irregular connective tissue?
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Deep Fascia
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What is Synonymous with hypodermis, subcutaneous layer?
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Superficial Fascia
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What are the dark bands of a muscle called?
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A Bands
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What are the light bands of a muscle called?
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I Bands
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From z-disc to z-disc is called what?
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Sarcomere
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The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called __________.
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Motor Neurons
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What transmits a nerve impulse to a muscle fiber?
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Axon
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What is the sliding filament theory?
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The thin filaments of actin slide over the myosin
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What shortens during a muscle contraction?
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Sarcomere
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Each motor neuron has a __________ with each muscle fiber it controls
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Neuromuscular Junction
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A single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates is called what?
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Motor Unit
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What is the all or none principle?
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A muscle fiber either contracts completely or does not contract at all.
When a motor unit is stimulated, all its fibers contract at the same time |
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What are the 3 types of muscles?
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Slow Twitch
Intermediate Fast Twitch |
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What are the 3 organizational patterns of muscle fascicles?
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Circular
Parallel Pennate |
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Muscle where all fibers are on the same side of the tendon
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Unipennate
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Muscles where muscle fibers are on both sides of the tendon
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Bipennate
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Muscle where the tendon extends into the muscle
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Multipennate
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What are two main factors that relate to a muscle's ability to create motion?
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Length of Fibers
Length of Moment Arm |
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The larger the moment the ______ amount of motion that is produced.
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smaller
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What are important factors related to muscle strength?
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Muscle Size
Muscle Moment Arm Stretch Contraction Velocity Fiber Recruitment Fiber Types |
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In vivo, where do we tend to function in the length-tension curve?
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The middle part of the curve, or the middle part of our range.
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What is the inability of a muscle that spans two or more joints to be stretched sufficiently to produce a full range of motion in all the joints simultaneously?
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Passive Insufficiency
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What is defined when a muscle reaches a point where it cannot shorten any farther it is has reached?
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Active Insufficiency
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What are important factors related to muscle strength?
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Contraction Velocity
Fiber Recruitment Fiber Types |
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What is defined when the length of the muscle does not change because the tension produced never exceeds the resistance (load)
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Isometric
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What is defined when tension is produced in response to a relatively constant load, and the muscle fibers change length, resulting in movement
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Isotonic
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What are the two types of isotonic contraction?
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Concentric
Eccentric |
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What is a contraction where the speed stays the same?
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Isokinetic
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What will potentially happen if a muscle is put on prolonged stretch?
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Hypertrophy (Addition of sarcomeres)
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What will potentially happen if a muscle is put on prolonged shortening?
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Atrophy (Loss of sarcomeres)
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What are different types of connective tissue?
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Proper- loose, dense
Supporting- bone, cartilage Fluid- blood |
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What are the components of connective tissue?
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Cells- fibroblasts
Protein Fibers- Collagen, etc. Ground Substances- water, protein, other chemicals |
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Tendon and ligaments are primary what type of connective tissue?
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Dense Regular
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What is the primary fiber in tendons and ligaments?
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Type I Collagen
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What are the 5 stages of response of tendons/ligaments to tension?
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1. Straightening of collagen (toe region of Stress strain curve)
2.Elastic region-Partner discussion what this means 3.Plastic region-discuss what this means 4. Major failure 5. Rupture |
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What are reasons for tendon failure?
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Rupture
Enthesis Failure Avulsion |
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What are different phases of healing?
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Hemorrhagic (Day 1)
Inflammatory (Day 1-5) Proliferation (Through 2-3 weeks) Remodeling (Weeks-Months) |
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What is the branch of anatomy related to the study of joints?
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Arthrology
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Structure of a joint determine both mobility and ________.
More Mobile= |
Stability
Less Stable |
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When classifying joints, what two things are considered?
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Type of connective tissue
Whether a space occurs |
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What type of joint occurs where bones are held together by dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue?
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Fibrous
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What type of joint has:
1. a fluid-filled synovial cavity 2. bones are enclosed within a capsule 3. bones are joined by various ligaments |
Synovial
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What type of joint is:
1. Immovable 2. Slightly movable 3. Freely movable |
1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis 3. Diarthrosis |
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What are 2 types of synarthrotic joints?
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Gomphoses
Sutures |
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What is a syndesmoses joint classified as?
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Amphiarthroses
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What are two types of cartilaginous joints?
What is their classification? |
Synchondroses
Symphysis Amphiarthroses |
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What are the parts of a synovial joint?
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Bone
Joint Capsule Hyaline Cartilage Synovial Membrane Synovial Fluid Ligaments *Meniscus |
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What describes movement between two bone around a joint axis?
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Osteokinematics
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What type of movement is often described in degrees of freedom (number of planes a movement can occur in)?
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Planar movement
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What is bony end feel?
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Hard end
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What is capsular end feel?
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Firm, leather like limitation, and slight give
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What is empty end feel?
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Lack of mechanical constraint
Limited by pain |
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What is a rebound movement, seen with torn cartilage, or some derangement of a joint?
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Springy block
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What is a reflex muscle spam during motion, common in acute injuries?
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Muscle guarding
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What are 3 types of movement of a joint?
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Roll
Spin Glide |
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When a concave joint surface moves, it is in the _______ direction as the body segment.
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Same
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When a convex joint surface moves, it is in the _______ direction as the body segment.
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Opposite
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When the moving joint is concave, roll and glide occur _______.
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In the same direction
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What does the pelvic girdle refer to?
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Left and right coxae only
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What is commonly refered to the innominate bone?
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Hip
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What are charcteristic of the true pelvis?
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Lies inferior to the pelvic brim
Encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep bowl that contains the pelvic organs |
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What are characteristics of the false pelvis?
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Lies superior to the pelvic brim
Enclosed by the ala of the iliac bones Forms the inferior region of the abdominal cavity and houses the inferior abdominal organs |
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What is coxa valga?
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>125
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What is coxa vara?
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<125
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What is angle of torsion?
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Head and neck rotated outward from the shaft 15-25 degrees
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What is femoral anteversion?
Femoral retroversion? |
Increased angle of torsion
Decreased angle of torsion |
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What condition at the hip is associated with toe in?
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Femoral Anteversion
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What condition at the hip is associated with femoral retroversion?
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Toe-out
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What condition at the hip is associated with femoral retroversion?
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Toe-out
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What is the open pack position of the hip?
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Slight flexion
Slight external rotation Slight abduction |
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What is functional ROM for the following motions?
Flexion: ER: Abduction: |
Flexion: 120
ER: 20 Abduction: 0 |
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Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, and ligamentum teres all prevent what motion?
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Hyperextension
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During single limb stance, how great is the abductor force? The joint reaction force?
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Abductor: 2x body mass
Joint Reaction Force: 2.5x mass |
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During Gait, how great is the JRF and MPa forces?
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JRF: 2-3x body weight
MPa forces: 4-6 |
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Congenital hip dislocation (dysplasia) is associated with what condition?
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Shallow acetabulum
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Leg-Calve-Perthes disease (coxa plana) is associated with what condition?
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Necrosis of femoral head
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