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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of isotropic:
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handle stress the same way regardless of direction/orientation
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Definition of anisotropic:
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different properties related to stress depending on direction; potential multiple Young’s Moduli
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Definition of orthotropic:
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generally means that all properties are constant within a certain plane
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What is an osteocyte?
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Bone cell
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What is an osteoblast?
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Produces new bone
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What is an osteoclast?
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Breaks bone down and absorbs bone
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What is an osteoprogenitor?
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Derived from mesenchyme which produce other stem cell
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What percent of bone tissue is collagen?
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40%
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Which type of bone hasn't completely mineralized yet?
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Woven
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What type of bone has a hard outer shell?
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Cortical/Compact
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What type of bone is porous and spongy?
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Cancellous Bone
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What is the metaphysis?
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In long bones, the part and the ends that flare by the diaphysis
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What is the endosteum?
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Lines of the medullary canal
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What is the periosteum?
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Outermost covering of the bone
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What is the diaphysis?
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The main shaft of a bone; the center of the medullary canal
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What are the 5 types of bones?
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Long, Short, Flat, Sesamoid, Irregular
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Which are example of long bones?
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Femur, Humerus, Tibia
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Which are examples of short bones?
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Tarsals, Carpals
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Which are examples of flat bones?
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Ribs, Scapula, Skull
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What is biomechanics?
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Response of biological systems to mechanical forces
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What is kinematics?
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What happens when I do something to someone; without regard to forces that cause motion
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What is kinetics?
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Brings biomechanics and kinematics together
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What is the minimum effective strain?
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must have 10% of that stress needed to break the bone, as a stimulus to get bone to remodel/adapt
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What are examples of fundamental measurement?
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Length, mass, time, and temperature
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What type of measurement is magnitude only?
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Scalar
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What type of measurement involves magnitude and orientation?
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Vector
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What is the push or pull which results in physical contact between two objects?
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Force
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What is a vector that is perpendicular to both the force and distance vectors?
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Moment
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What is the definition of force couple?
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Whe the force and moment arm are in the same plane but in opposite direction
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What is the distance perpendicular to the force vector?
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Moment Arm
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Which plane divides the body into left and right halves?
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Sagittal
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Which plane divides the body into front and back halves?
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Coronal/Frontal
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Which plane divides the body into top and bottom halves?
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Transverse/Axial
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What are the 3 main points when considering muscles forces?
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Orientation, magnitude, and point of application
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A pure force couple occurs only in which type of motion?
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Rotational
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What is the first law of newton?
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An object remains at rest (or continues moving at constant velocity) unless acted upon by an unbalances external force
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What is the second law of newton?
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If there is an unbalanced force acting on an object, it produces an acceleration in the direction of the force, directly proportional to the force (f=ma)
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What is the third law of newton?
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For every action there is a reaction of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction
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The mechanical advantage is the ratio of what?
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Mam/Mar (muscles/resistive)
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The center of mass in most adults is where?
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S2
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When considering base of support, which is important?
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Side to side and front to back
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What type of property depends on the amount of material?
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Extensive
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What are examples of extensive properties?
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Mass, Volume, Internal Energy
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What type of property doesn't depend on the amount of material?
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Intensive
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What are examples of intensive properties?
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Density, Strength
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What is the definition of stress?
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Amount of force per given area
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What is the definition of strain?
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A normalized stretch or displacement of an object
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Which type of force is linear motion?
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Translatory
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Which type of force is angular?
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Rotational
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Young's Modulus =
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Slope of the line
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Modulus of elasticity =
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Stiffness
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What is Poisson's Ratio?
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Ratio of axial strain to lateral strain
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What is the definition of work?
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The force required to move an object a certain distance (Fxd)
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What is the definition of power?
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The rate that work is being done (work/time)
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The ability of an object to permanently change shapes is what?
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Plasticity
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What is the ultimate tensile strength?
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How strong the bone is before it breaks
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_________ is something that will only change shape with a lot of pressure and then immediately breaks
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Brittle
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What is the definition of the ductile?
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Ability to change shape fairly easy and allow for a change of length
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What is a fatigue failure of a bone due to repetitive loading?
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Stress Fracture
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What is the ability to withstand further failure if a crack or flaw is already present?
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Fracture Toughness
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What is defined as: if loading on a particular bone increases, the bone will remodel to better deal with the heavier loads
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Wolff's Law
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Which are examples of stimuli for remodeling bone?
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Magnitude of strain, rate of strain, distribution of strain, low serum calcium levels
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What are the 3 types of cartilage?
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Hyaline, Fibro, Elastic
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What are the 3 main functions of cartilage?
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Support soft tissue, Provide gliding surface at articulations where two bones meet, and Provide model for formation of most bones in the body
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What is the first line of defense against loads?
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Articular Cartilage
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What makes up the extracellular matrix?
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Collagen and Proteoglycans
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What percent of articular cartilage is collagen?
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70% dry weight (10-30% wet weight)
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What percent of articular cartilage is proteoglycans?
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30% dry weight
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What percent of articular cartilage is water?
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60-85% wet weight
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What percent of articular cartilage are chondrocytes?
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10% wet weight
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Collagen is good at resisting _________, while proteoglycans are good at resisting __________.
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tension, compression
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What are the main functions of articular cartilage?
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Allows nearly frictionless motion at joint, Distributes loads over a large area, Minimizes contact stresses, Dissipates energy
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What is creep?
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Deformation over time with a constant load
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What is stress relaxation?
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Holding stress for a period of time, the stress decreases because the object is stretching
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Which levers is this?
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Type 1
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Which lever is this?
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Type 2
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What is C'?
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C’ is the yield point, or the point at which the stress begins to deform the object
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What occurs at week 1 of the healing process?
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Hematoma or Inflammation
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What occurs at week 2-3 of the healing process?
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Soft Callus
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What occurs at week 4-16 of the healing process?
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Hard Callus
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What occurs at week 17+ of the healing process?
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Remodeling
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What is number 1?
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Central Canal
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What is number 3?
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External circumferential lamellae
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What is number 6?
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Cellular Layer
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What is number 7?
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Fibrous Layer
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What is number 8?
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Inerstial Lamellae
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What is number 9?
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Trabeculae of spongy bone
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