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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First borns |
• Score higher IQ tests than their siblings. • Are more conventional in their ideas and behaviors. • Have a higher need to achieve. • Exhibit greater anxiety levels. • Are more likely to be leaders than their siblings. • As adults tend to have closer relationships with parents. |
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Middle borns |
• Empathetic (understands others). • Are better at negotiating. • More unconventional than 1st borns. • Feel alienated. • More numerous friendships. |
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Last borns |
• More sociable and outgoing. • Greater sense of humor. • Most unconventional, most likely to rebel. • Less achievement oriented. • Greater tendency to be self-absorbed. |
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Only children |
• Similar to 1st borns. • Tend to have fewer friends than other children but the friendships may be deeper. • As children, adults rate them as obedient and possessing good social skills; other children say only children have a hard time sharing. |
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Extraneous Variables |
Other factors that also affect personality development ( Trauma, culture, race, genetics, friends, single parenting, abuse, blended family, neighborhood, social economic status, spacing. |
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Psychiatrist |
Medical doctor with an additional three to four years of psychological training. |
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Psychologist |
Someone who has a PH.D. Degree in psychology. Generally, it takes at least five years of graduate school to become a psychologist. |
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Counselor/Therapist Wood |
Most have a master's degree with two years of graduate school. Passing a state exam plus a minimum two years supervised experience can allow someone to earn a LPC (Licensed Professional Counselor) with a clinical background (Trained in personality theory and trained to do psychological evaluations as well as counseling). |
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Psychiatric Social Worker |
Most have a Master's degree. Work experience plus a certification exam can allow someone to earn a LCSW ( Licensed Clinical Social Worker). Their training consists of counseling, case management, and working with other agencies. |
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Intelligence |
The global capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment. Intelligence is influenced by genetic and other biological factors as well as the environment. Controversy continues, but intelligence is likely to be between 30-70% biological. |
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Traditional Intelligence theories (Charles Spearman) |
Although intelligence has different components (knowledge, memory, reasoning, etc), basically intelligence is composed of one general factor from which arises skills and talents. |
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Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple intelligences |
Gardner argues that intelligence is not one general factor (g) but is composed of several different types of intelligence. Gardner has hypothesized eight types of multiple intelligence. |
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Howard Gardner's type of intelligence |
1. Language/Linguistic 2. Math/Logic 3. Spatial Thinking 4. Music 5. Body kinesthetic athlete, artist) 6. Intrapersonal (knowing yourself) 7. Interpersonal 8. Naturalist ( understanding nature) |
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Case study |
In depth study of all aspects of an individual. |
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Experiment |
A formal trial to prove or disprove a hypothesis (Cause and effect). |
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Experimental Group |
Group exposed to the treatment. |
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Control Group |
Group does not receive treatment. May receive a placebo. |
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Placebo |
Inactive (fake) drug or treatment. |
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Placebo Effect |
Changes occur because someone believes the placebo is helping. |
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Single-blind experiment |
Subject does not know if they are in the control or experimental group. |
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Case study |
In depth study of all aspects of an individual. |
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Experiment |
A formal trial to prove or disprove a hypothesis (Cause and effect). |
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Experimental Group |
Group exposed to the treatment. |
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Control Group |
Group does not receive treatment. May receive a placebo. |
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Placebo |
Inactive (fake) drug or treatment. |
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Placebo Effect |
Changes occur because someone believes the placebo is helping. |
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Single-blind experiment |
Subject does not know if they are in the control or experimental group. |
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Double-blind experiment |
Neither experimenters nor subjects know which group they are in. |
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Independent Variable |
Conditions being investigated as a possible cause of change. Example- Amount of TV watching. |
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Independent Variable |
Conditions being investigated as a possible cause of change. Example- Amount of TV watching. |
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Dependent Variable |
Measures the effects of the independent variable. Example- School performance. |
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Extraneous (confounding) variables |
Conditions that the experimenter wishes to control or exclude from the experiment. Example- types of TV shows, age of child, parental involvement, ethnic background |
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Extraneous (confounding) variables |
Conditions that the experimenter wishes to control or exclude from the experiment. Example- types of TV shows, age of child, parental involvement, ethnic background |
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Statistical significance |
The results obtained would rarely occur by chance alone. Statistical significance is usually set at the p.<.05 level ( 95% probability that the results are not a random accident). Sometimes results may be stronger, p.<.01 level (99%), p.<.001 level (99.9%). |
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Robert Omstein (1993) |
The roots of the self |
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Robert Omstein (1993) |
The roots of the self |
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Frank Sulloway (1996) |
Also others have researched birth order. |
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Robert Omstein (1993) |
The roots of the self |
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Frank Sulloway (1996) |
Also others have researched birth order. |
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Personality |
A person's unique and relatively stable psychological characteristics and behavior patterns. |
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Robert Omstein (1993) |
The roots of the self |
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Frank Sulloway (1996) |
Also others have researched birth order. |
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Personality |
A person's unique and relatively stable psychological characteristics and behavior patterns. |
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Birth Order Theory |
The order in which you were born in the family affects personality development. |
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Birth Order differences |
Primarily caused by parental attitudes and interactions among siblings. |
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Study the Brain |
• Neuropsychology • Newoanatomy • Biopsychology |
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Empirical Evidence |
Information gathered through direct observation and measurement.
Is gathered objectively. |
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Define Psychology |
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
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Goals of psychology |
1. Describe 2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Control |
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Survey methods |
Use of public polling techniques to answer psychological questions. |
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Representative sample |
A small group that accurately reflects a larger population group. |
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Neutral Question |
Question does not unduly influence how the subject responds. |
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Neutral Question |
Question does not unduly influence how the subject responds. |
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Biased Question |
Question that is more likely to influence the subjects response. |
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Case study |
In depth study of all aspects of an individual. |
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Correlation study |
Statistical procedure that looks for relationships between two or more traits behavior, or events. Example- Birth Order, Amazon Recommendation. |
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Ways surveys can be inaccurate or manipulated |
• Unrepresentative Samples. • Words of vague, more than one meaning. • Response options can limit answers. • Results reported in a misleading way. • Courtesy Bias (lying) • People give uninformed answers. |
