Psycology

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classical conditioning

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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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behaviorism

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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with

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learning

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the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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associative learning

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learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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stimulus

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any event or situation that evokes a response

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cognitive learning

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the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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classical conditioning

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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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respondent behavior

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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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neutral stimulus(nr)

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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unconditioned response(ur)

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in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

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unconditioned stimulus (US)

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response (UR)

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conditioned response (CR)

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in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

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acquisition

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in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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higher-order conditioning

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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

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extinction

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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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spontaneous recovery

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: the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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generalization

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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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discrimination

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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members