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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Catecholamines
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group of neurotransmitters and hormones (including DA NE EPI) that have similar structures
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L-Dopa
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pre-cursor to DA, speeds up reaction to DA
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Ampethamines
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psychostimulants that cause release of catecholamines
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Autoreceptors
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membrane proteins ub presynaptic membrane that bind to specific neurotransmitters and prevents neurotransmitters from being released
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Receptor Up-regulation
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if less exposure to neurotransmitters, cell will make more receptors so small amount of neurotransmitter has more effect
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Choline
Acetyl Coenzyme |
two precursors for acetylcholine
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Physostigmine (Eserine)
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blocks acetylcholinesterase, increases postsynaptic effects
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Sarin and Soman
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nerve gases
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Two receptor types
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Nicotinic and Musarinic
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Ionotropic receptors
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fast acting
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Metabotropic receptors
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slower acting, functions through a second messenger system
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Long term potentiation
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increase in synaptic strength due to boost of activity in the presynaptic neuron
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Two phases of long term potentiation
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- induction phase
- expression phase |
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GABA enzymes
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glutamic acid decarboxylase
GABA aminotransferase - breaks into glutamate |
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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Label medicines
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Food and Drug Administration
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assessing potential hazards
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Harrison Act
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regulated opioids and cocaine
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Eighteenth Amendment
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prohibition of alcohol
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Marijuana Tax Act
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banned non-medical use of cannabis
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Controlled Substances Act
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five schedules of controlled substances
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Remission
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drug free periods
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Relapse
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drug use recurs
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3 Main forms of Alcohol
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Ethyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol |
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Narcotic analgesics
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drugs that reduce pain without producing unconsciousness
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Methadone
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long acting opiate drug used to reduce withdrawal
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Food and Drug Administration
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assessing potential hazards
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Harrison Act
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regulated opioids and cocaine
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Eighteenth Amendment
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prohibition of alcohol
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Marijuana Tax Act
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banned non-medical use of cannabis
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Controlled Substances Act
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five schedules of controlled substances
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Remission
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drug free periods
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Relapse
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drug use recurs
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3 Main forms of Alcohol
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Ethyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol |
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Narcotic analgesics
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drugs that reduce pain without producing unconsciousness
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Methadone
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long acting opiate drug used to reduce withdrawal
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Clonidine
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Acts on noradrenergic autoreceptors to reduce NE activity used to treat withdrawal
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Sympathomimetic
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produces symptoms of sympathetic nervous system activation; fatal at high doses
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Amphetamines: Two Plant Compounds
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Cathinone
Epehedrine |
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Methamphetamine
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more potent than amphetamine; preferred by drug abusers
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MDMA
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Ecstasy
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Entactogen
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Drugs that enhance one's ability to introspect - Ecstasy and
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Nicotinic cholinergic receptors
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basic subtypes of ACh receptor, activated by nicotine
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Osmotic minipump
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device placed under animal's skin to allow drug to be administered over set period of time
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Mecamyline
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nicotinic receptor agonist
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Nicotine Resource Model
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nicotine enhances concentration
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Deprivation Reversal Model
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positive effects of smoking come from the removal of withdrawal symptoms
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Half life of nicotine
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4 hours
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Caffeine inhibits ________
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cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
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Caffeine blocks receptors for _____
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adenosine
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Sinsemilla
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marijuana produced by preventing pollination and seed production; greater potency
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THC
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psychoactive compound in marijuana
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2 Endocannabinoids
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arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anamide)
2-arachidonoylglycerol |
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Hyperalgesia
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increased pain sensitivity; occurs with cannabinoid antagonist
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Precipitated withdrawal
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method of testing dependence and withdrawal by administering antagonist to block drug effects quickly
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Cocaine: endogenous pathway
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blocks dopamine reuptake transporters
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Amphetamines: endogenous pathway
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blocks reuptake of dopamine and reverses transporters
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Ecstasy: endogenous pathway
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blocks reuptake of seratonin and reverses transporters
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Caffeine: endogenous pathway
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presynaptic adenosine receptor blocker
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Nicotine: enodgenous pathway
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acetylcholine receptor mimic
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Alcohol: endogenous pathway
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sensitizes GABA receptors
blocks glutamate NMDA receptors |
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Barbiturates: endogenous pathway
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causes release of GABA, at high level mimics GABA
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Benzodiazepines: endogenous pathway
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sensitize GABA receptors
blocks reuptake of adenosine |
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Marijuana/ THC: endogenous pathway
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open potassium channels
block calcium channels inhibits cAMP |
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Opiates: endogenous pathway
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endorphins
dinorphins enkephalins (receptor mimics) |
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Hallucinogens: endogenous pathway
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seratonin
norepinephrine glutamate acetylcholine |
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LSD: endogenous pathway
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stimulates seratonin autoreceptors
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Psilocin: endogenous pathway
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seratonin autoreceptor
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Mescaline: endogenous pathway
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receptor mimic for norepinephrine
seratonin autoreceptors |
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PCP, ketamine, dextromethorphen: endogenous pathway
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glutamate receptor blockers
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Cocaine Antagonist
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Thorazine
Beta blockers |
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Amphetamines Antagonist
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Thorazine
Beta blockers |
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Caffeine Antagonist
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Benzodiazepines
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Alcohol Antagonist
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RO-14-4513
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Benzodiazepines Antagonist
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Caffeine
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Marijuana Antagonist
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Rimonobant
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Opiates Antagonist
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naloxone
nalorphine (pentazocine and nalbuphine) |
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How addictive a drug is depends on its...
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Lipid solubility
Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens |
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3 things to cause relapse
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1. give another dose
2. reestablish cues 3. stress |
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Parts of the brain that play a part in addiction
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cortex (LTM)
amygdala (craving) nucleus accumbens (pleasure) |
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Withdrawal
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negative state you are in after the drug wears off
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Three types of tolerance
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metabolic tolerance
cellular tolerance behavioral tolerance |
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Three Russian Physiologists
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Bechtarev
Pavlov Korsakov |
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Stages of Classical Conditioning
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baseline
acquisition testing extinction |
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Generalization
(in classical conditioning) |
similar stimuli get the conditioned response
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Second Order Conditioning
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previously conditioned stimulus paired with CS; it's never paired with UCS but still get the CR
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Conditioned Compensatory Responses
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moving opponent b process forward
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Systematic Desensitization
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cure extinction therapy; expose to each cue separately and extinguish conditioned response in drug free environment
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Halfway House
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where you go after rehab
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Types of Monoamines
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indoleamines (seratonin)
catecholamines (DA, NE, EPI) |
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Indoleamines
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seratonin
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Catecholamines
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dopamine
norepinephrine epinephrine |
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Neurotransmitters of the Sympathetic Nervous System
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Epinephrine
Norepinephrine |
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Sympathomimetics
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activate sympathetic nervous system
(treat asthma and narcolepsy) |
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Where do you get cocaine?
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coca plant of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia
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People have used coca for a long time for...
(1500s) |
appetite suppresant
altitude sickness energy source |
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_______ started a cocaine epidemic in the ________(date).
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Freud, 1800s
used analgesic properties of cocaine |
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Cocaleine
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wine and cocaine
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1914 Harrison Narcotic Act
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regulated opium, morphine, cocaine
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20 years after Harrison Narcotic Act ____ became very popular.
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amphetamines became popular until the 1960s when it was regulated
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Free base
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mix with ether and ammonia,
heat, let residue dry, smoke that |
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Safer option to free basing
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crack - pre free based cocaine
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Crack
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pre-freebased cocaine
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Cocaine's Half Life
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less than an hour, doesn't last long
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What do you use to treat a cocaine overdose?
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thorazine or beta blockers
- both block dopamine receptors |
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Speedballing
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taking two different drugs at the same time
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Cocaethylene
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combination of alcohol and cocaine; causes constriction of blood vessels
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the "caine" family...
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blocks sodium channels in axon
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"Playground problem" with ritalin
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kids giving away their drug; underdosed and overdosed children running around
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Excitotoxicity
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open so many channels that the neuron is flooded....with ecstasy the neurons are flooded with serotonin
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Ephedrine
Phenylephedrine and Pseudoephedrine are all this type of drug... |
amphetamines
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Methylxanthines
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caffeine
theophylline theobromine |
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THC mimics _______
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anandamide
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Nicotine mimics _______
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acetylcholine
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Caffeine does not increase excitation BUT rather ________
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decreases fatigue
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Adenosine
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presynaptic inhibitory modulator; decreases calcium so less vessicles open
(caffeine blocks adenosine) |
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Caffeine blocks
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adenosine
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Which family of drugs blocks the reuptake of adenosine/ which are antagonists for caffeine?
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Benzodiazepines
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#1 preventable cause of death...
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nicotine
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Nicotine is metabolized in ______
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kidneys
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Titration
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keeps trying to take an effective dose; readminister
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Two types of ACh receptors
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nicotinic and muscarinic
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Ways to Quit Smoking
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- drug replacement
- behavioral modification - imagery - reinforcement therapy - relaxation training - chantix |
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Chantix
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partial agonist for ACh; treats nicotine withdrawal
you smoke you get too high of a dose and throw up |
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Disinhibition
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removal of inhibition
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Alcohol kills brain cells by...
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making the membranes more permeable
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Alcohol is mostly metabolized in the ________
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liver
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ethanol + alcohol dehydrogenase --> _______
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acetaldehyde
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ethanol +alcohol dehydrogenase -->
______+_______ --> ______ |
--->acetaldehyde + aldehyde dehyd. --> acetic acid
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methanold + alcohol dehydrogenase --> ______+______ --> ______
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--> formaldehyde + aldehyde dehydrogenase --> formic acid
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Formic acid eats at ______
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glial cells
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If someone drinks methanol, you should...
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instigate enzyme competition by giving them lots of ethanol; you do not want to make formaldehyde
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Cytochrome P450
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another enzyme that breaks up alcohol
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Acetaldehyde
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what alcohol is broken into - may drive part of the hangover
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Korsakoff's Syndrome
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thiamine deficiency; vitamin b deficiency
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Naltrexone
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treatment for alcoholism; blocks endorphins so it's less reinforcing
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Acamprosate
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weakly blocks glutamate receptors; decreases withdrawal symptoms for alcohol
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RO-15-4513
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GABA receptor blocker
prevents effects of alcohol |
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Three ways to prevent hangovers
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drink water
throw up burp |
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Delirium Tremens (DT)
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extreme withdrawal; hallucinations in opponent process, shakes, seizures
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Barbiturates have a very (low or high) therapeutic index.
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low - so they are very dangerous
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Four categories of Barbiturates
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1. ultra short acting
2. short acting 3. intermediate acting 4. long acting |
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Teratogen
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something that poisons a fetus
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Rohypnol
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benzo; date rape drug
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Benzos are used to treat ______-
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anxiety and alcohol withdrawal
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Hypoxia
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not enough oxygen
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Largest Cash Crop in USA
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Marijuana
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Schizophrenic people do not have ____
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prepulse inhibition
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PCP people do not have _____
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prepulse inhibition
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Hashish
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higher levels of THC
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Hash Oil
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put on cigarrette, higher concentration
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Marijuana has (high or low) therapeutic index
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high
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Percodan
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(opiate family)
oxycodone aspirin |
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3 Main Medical Uses
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analgesia
diarrhea coughing |
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3 Opioids in Body
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endorphins
dynorphins enkephalines |
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3 Inhibitory Effects
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post synaptically - open K+ channels
post synaptically - close Ca2+ pre synaptically - activate autoreceptors |
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Colocalization
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something else is released with it so endorphins inhibit release of other neurotransmitters
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Peristalsis
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how things move through GI tract
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Treatment of heroine addiction
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methadone
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Methadone
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treatment of heroine addiction
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Naloxone
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overdose of heroine
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Four neurotransmitters affected by hallucinogens
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serotonin
- stimulates autoreceptors norepinephrine - mimic glutamate - blocks receptors acetylcholine -decrease or increase levels |
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Thalidomide
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morning sickness drug that inhibits growth of long bones
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What affects your "trip" ?
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set and setting
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Schedule 1 Drugs are illegal to....
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buy, make, sell, etc
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2 Most common types of hallucinations
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Dreams
Deja Vu |
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Psilocin
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active component in mushrooms
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Big risk with mushrooms...
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Being poisoned
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Two drugs that are not metabolized / come out in urine
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Mushrooms and Ecstasy
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Mescaline
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receptor mimic for norepinephrine; hallucinogen
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Synthetic Mescaline Analogs
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SEP
DOM Nutmeg Mace |
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Mescaline comes from ______
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peyote
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Peyote activates serotonin autoreceptors in the _______
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locus coeruleus
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PCP and Ketamine
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glutamate receptor blockers
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PCP replaced _____ as a surgery sedative
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Barbiturates
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Dextromethorphan
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hallucinogen in cough medicine
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Startle Reflex
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jumping, bending of neck, startle reaction in that exists in every mammal; sensitive to levels of stress and anxiety
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Prepulse Inhibition
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prepulse inhibits response to startle stimulus...EXCEPT in schizophrenics or PCP/glutamate blockers
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Acid Flashback
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sudden recollection of acid trip
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Thalidomide
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back as medication; antiemetic for chemo patients; treatment for leprosy
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Acetylcholine and Hallucination
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too little ACh; too much ACh
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Acetylcholine Receptor Mimics
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nicotinic
muscarinic |
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ACh Receptor Mimics
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muscarine
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Blocking ACh / Antagonists
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curare (nicotinic)
atropene (muscarinic) scopolamine (muscarinic) |
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Belladonna
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cosmetics
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Active Placebo
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caffeine in drug so people feel something happening; stronger placebo effect
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Acetylcholesterase Inhibitors
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physostigmine
malathion sarin |
