Psychopharmacology

Front 1

The study of the action of drugs on the body

Back 1

pharmacology

Front 2

The study of drug actions on the brain and behavior

Back 2

psychopharmacology

Front 3

substances that affect the central nervous system and alter consciousness and/or perceptions

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psychoactive drugs (aka psychotropic)

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study of central nervous system

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neuroanatomy

Front 5

what percentage of americans have taken psychoactive drugs during thier lifetime

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50%

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schedule I

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high abuse potiential, no medical use, high potential for dependence. Not available with a prescription. (e.g., heroin, marijuana, LSD, peyote)

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schedule II

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high abuse potential, accepted medical uses, high risk of dependence. Doctor must see the patient before refilling a script (e.g., opium, morphine, cocaine, codeine, ritalin)

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schedule III

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moderate abuse potential, accepted medical uses, moderate risk of dependence, script can be refilled over the phone (e.g., Tylenol with codeine)

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schedule IV

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mild to moderate potential for abuse, accepted medical use, limited risk of hysical dependence, same prescription guidelines as schedule III (e.g., valium, librium)

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schedule V

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low risk of abuse, accepted medical use, low risk of physical dependence, prescription not needed (e.g., some codeine meds, robitussin)

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2 parts of CNS

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brain, spinal cord

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3 parts of brain

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cerebrum, limbic system, brain stem and cerebellum

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cerebral cortex

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a sheet of tissue that makes up the outer layer of the brain

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4 lobes of the cerebrum

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frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

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frontal lobe contols...

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executive functions, reasoning and planning, inhibition of impulses

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temporal lobe controls...

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auditory area, language comprehension, memory, experience of emotions

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parietal lobe controls...

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senses, face and hands

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occipital lobe controls...

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visual area, reading and recognition

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cerebral cortex left and right hemispheres primary functioning

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left = language
right = creativity

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basal ganglia controls...

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movement and posture

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6 structures of the limbic system

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thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, olfactory bulb

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Thalamus

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relay station of the brain

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hypothalamus

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basic motivation: hunger/thirst/sexual behavior

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amygdala

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aggression and anger, fight or flight

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hippocampus

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memory formation

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cingulate gyrus

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cognitive flexibility, going from idea to idea

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olfactory bulb

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smell

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2 parts of brain stem

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medulla and reticular activating system

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medulla

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involuntary, autonomic activities (breathing, swallowing, etc.)

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reticular activating system

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regulates level of arousal/attention, serves as a "toggle switch" b/w limbic system (emotion) and the cortex (thought).

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cerebellum

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control of voluntary movements

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general parts of a nerve cell

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cell body (soma) and its processes (dentrites and axon)

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the interface between the two cells usually occurring on the dendritic tree

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synapse

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space between axonal terminal and the dendrite or soma

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synapic cleft

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7 neurotransmitters

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acetycholine, catecholamines, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, peptides, substance P

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catecholamines include...

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dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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substance P

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enhances the experience of pain

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peptides

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protiens involved in a wide variety of emotional states

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GABA

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enhanced by meds used to treat anxiety, seizures, muscle relaxants and sedatives

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Glutamate

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sensory functioning

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serotonin

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plays role in depression and affective states, sleep, sex, body temp

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norepinephrine

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release produces arousal and reward feelings, also, hunger, thirst, emotion and sex

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dopamine

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motor control

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acetychoine

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learning and memory, mood, REM sleep

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palliative response

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relieves the symptoms of a disease but does not affect the disease itself

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curative response

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cures a disease or condition

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supportive response

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supports body functions until other treaments or the body's response can take over

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substitutive response

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replaces body fluids or substances

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chemotherapeutic response

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destroys malignant cells

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restorative response

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returns the body to health

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summative interaction

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the combined effects of two drugs equal the sum of each drug acting individually (1+1=1)

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synergistic interaction

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the combined effects of two drugs is greater than the sum of each drug acting individually (1+1=3)

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potentiative interaction

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concurrent administration of one drug increases the effect of the other drug (1+1>2)

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antagonistic interacation

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combind effect of two drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of each agent (1+1<2)

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iatrogenic

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adverse drug effects inflicted unintentionally as a result of treatment

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biologic half-life

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the time interval required for the body's elimination processes to reduce the plasma concentration of the drug in the body by one-half

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peyote

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mescaline, (amphetamine), cactus buttons, vivid hallucinations

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marijuana

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from a Cannabis plant, active ingredient: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), produces euphoria

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strattera

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only non-stimulant med for ADD, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI)

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cocaine

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increases dopamine in synapse

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methamphetamine

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prevents norepinephrine and dopamine re-uptake

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ecstasy

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increases serotonin and dopamine, produces euphoria