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178 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what were the 3 causes of autism discussed in class?
1) physical
2) lack of warmth
3) Bettleheim's hypothesis
What did Bettleheim mean by "lack of autonomy"?
lack of the feeling that one can have an effect/make difference on the world (in psychoanalysis, "world" = mother)
What did Bettleheim's hypothesize as the cause of autism?
lack of autonomy
According to Bettleheim, what are a baby's cries?
signals that produce results and give sense of power to the baby by making difference in world by crying
What is the process of developing autism, according to Bettleheim?
instead of developing autonomy, actions produce anxiety> prominent feeling is anxiety/constant sense of danger and rejection> therefore any fussing/behaving/acting can result in death> stops acting/begins withdrawal> empty fortress
What are 5 principles of Bettleheim's therapy discussed in class?
1) freedom/autonomy given
2) don't punish/take away symptoms
3) empathy
4) love and care
5) healing comes from the child (therapist sets conditions for growth)
What are 3 ways that Lavaas's therapy differs from Bettleheim's therapy?
1) therapist is in charge of/controls sessions
2) tries to abolish symptoms
3) love and care not used as much
According to the text, what is depression characterized by?
intense sadness, feelings of futility and worthless- ness, and withdrawal from others
What are 4 physiological symptoms seen in depression?
-Appetite and weight changes
-sleep disturbance
-unexplained aches and pains
-aversion to sexual activity
What are the 2 levels of manic intensity?
hypomania and mania
What is hypomania, according to the text?
the milder form of mania, characterized by changes in behavior and mood that can include increased levels of activity or energy (including decreased need for sleep, and increased goal-oriented behav- ior) combined with an elevated or irritable mood and impulsiveness and risk taking
What is mania, according to the text?
mental state characterized by very exaggerated activity and emotions including euphoria, excessive excitement or irritability, diminished need for sleep and resultant impairment in social or occupational functioning
hypomanic episodes do not involve _________ (loss of contact with reality), nor do they cause marked __________ in social or occupational functioning or a need for hospitalization, whereas mania might involve these
psychosis; impairment
What is "pressured speech", as seen in a manic episode?
rapid, frenzied, or loud, disjointed communication
What is "flight of ideas", as seen in a manic episode?
rapidly changing or disjointed thoughts
What are the 5 depressive disorders discussed in the text?
-major depressive disorder
-dysthymic disorder
-premenstrual dysphoric disorder
-mixed anxiety/depression (under study)
-seasonal affective disorder (under study)
What is one important factor in diagnosing a depressive disorder?
making sure the person has never experienced a hypomanic or manic episode
According to Laing, socialization (especially in the Western world) _________ the inner world
devalues
What are the most common lingering symptoms of depression?
poor concentration, lack of decisiveness, low energy, and sleep difficulties
According to Laing, what is "schizophrenia"?
failure to adjust to the outer world/society and a tendency to turn inward
According to Laing, the _____ world is confusing and unlivable to the schizophrenic
outer
According to Laing, why do mental health professionals deem schizophrenics "insane"?
because they are afraid of the inner world and devalue it and those who enter it must be insane
According to Laing, what might schizophrenia ideally be?
a positive inner journey the patient takes with the therapist as a guide in which the patient goes in and comes back out having learned about the inner world and its processes
What are SOME of the "psychosocial situations of the aged" that we discussed in class?
-ageism
-loss of friends/family
-physical aging
-retirement
-boredom/lack of purpose
Stress, the timing of stress, and genetic predisposi- tion can interact to increase ________ production and produce depression.
cortisol
What is "learned helplessness"?
a belief that one is unable to influence outcomes in one’s life.
What attributional style do individuals more likely to experience depression use?
internal, stable, and global
What are 4 biological treatments for depressive disorders?
-medication
-exercise and dietary changes
-circadian-related treatments
-brain stimulation therapies
What are 4 psychological and behavioral treatments for depressive disorders?
-behavioral activation therapy
-interpersonal psychotherapy
-cbt
-mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
What are the 3 types of bipolar disorders?
-bipolar I
-bipolar II
-cyclothymic disorder
When is bipolar I disorder diagnosed?
when someone (with or without a history of severe depression) experiences at least one manic episode and often has hypomanic episodes that alternate with depression
When is bipolar II disorder diagnosed?
when there has been at least one major depressive episode lasting at least 2 weeks and at least one hypomanic episode lasting at least 4 consecutive days
What is "rapid-cycling"?
the occurrence of four or more mood episodes per year
What is a "mixed episode" as seen in bipolar disorders?
concurrent hypomanic/ manic and depressive symptoms
When can cyclothymic disorder be diagnosed?
when hypomanic episodes are consistently interspersed with depressed moods for at least 2 years
As indicated earlier, __________ factors appear to play a much more prominent role in the development of bipolar disorders than in depressive disorders.
biological
What disorder does bipolar disorder share genetic, neuroanatomical, and cognitive abnormalities with?
schizophrenia
What is the most effective treatment for bipolar disorders?
ongoing use of mood-stabilizing medication combined with psychotherapy and psychosocial interventions.
What is the most effective medication in terms of stabilizing mood and preventing hospitalization for bipolar disorder, according to the text?
lithium
What are 9 correlates of suicide, according to the text?
-media reports of suicide, especially by celebrities
-male gender
-separated, divorced, or widowed
-physicians, lawyers, law enforcement personnel, and dentists
-proportional across all socioeconomic levels
-religious affiliation
-American Indian highest rate of ethnic groups
-historical period of shifting norms and values or social unrest
-communication of intent within 3 months of actual act
What are 3 biological factors associated with suicide?
-low serotonin
-low 5-IHAA (a chemical that is produced when serotonin is broken down in the body)
-genetics
What are 2 psychological factors associated with suicide?
-depression and hopelessness
-alcohol consumptions
What are 4 social factors associated with suicide?
-family instability for younger children
-perceived burdensomeness
-thwarted belongingness
-acquired capacity for suicide
What are 4 sociocultural factors associated with suicide?
-inability to integrate into society
-higher cause (religious sacrifice, political protest, etc.)
-American Indians
-social change and disorganization
What are 3 groups of people especially affected by suicide?
very young people, college students, elderly
What are the three factors discussed in the text that are postulated to have contributed to the increase in suicide amongst young people?
-bullying
-copycat suicide
-decrease in antidepressants
What is the three-step process when working with a potentially suicidal individual, according to the text?
(1) knowing which factors are highly correlated with suicide;
(2) determining whether there is high, moderate, or low probability that the person will act on the suicide wish;
(3) implementing appropriate actions
What are 5 characteristics to look for in detecting potential suicides, according to the text?
-amount of detail involved in a suicide threat
-access to the means of suicide
-precipitating event
-direct/indirect verbal clues
-direct/indirect behavioral clues
What is Erikson's last stage and what happens during this stage?
integrity vs despair; life-review and questioning whether life was worthwhile
What is a personality disorder?
a disorder characterized by impairment in self and interpersonal functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits that are relatively inflexible and long-standing
What is "despair" in Erikson's last stage?
regrets and a more permanent depression
Individuals with ___________ psychopathology possess rigid patterns of responding that are inflexible, long-standing, and enduring, and can extend into the elderly years
personality
What are the 6 personality disorder types described in the text?
-schizotypal
-borderline
-avoidant
-narcissistic
-obsessive-compulsive
-antisocial
What is schizotypal personality disorder characterized by?
peculiar thoughts and behaviors and poor interpersonal relationships
What do the peculiarities seen in schizotypal personality disorder stem from?
distortions or difficulties in cognition
Many characteristics of schizotypal type resemble those of _____________, although in less serious form
schizophrenia
What is borderline personality disorder characterized by?
intense fluctuations in mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships
According to the text, what are the two core aspects of borderline personality?
difficulties in regulating emotions and unstable and intense interpersonal relationships
What is "ego integrity" in Erikson's last stage?
as one review's life, accepts life and mistakes made
What is avoidant personality disorder characterized by?
a fear of rejection and humiliation and a reluctance to enter into social relationship
According to Erikson, one has to confront _______ for integrity to be meaningful in last stage. Otherwise, it would be superficial.
despair
What is narcissistic personality disorder characterized by?
an exaggerated sense of self-importance, an exploitative attitude, and a lack of empathy
What is obsessive-compulsive personality disorder characterized by?
perfectionism, a tendency to be interpersonally controlling, devotion to details, and rigidity
What is antisocial personality disorder characterized by, according to the text?
a failure to conform to social and legal codes, a lack of anxiety and guilt, and irresponsible behaviors
What is ego integrity?
fatalistic acceptance
How does the film Wild Strawberries illustrate Erikson’s views? (6)
-Dr. Borg struggles between ego integrity and despair
-no hands on clocks/time has stopped
-faced with death
-Going over his life, he's realized he's had many failures
-Didn't intervene at times he should've, feels guilt
-Gains wisdom about himself
How does the novel The Death of Ivan Illych illustrate the task of people facing death?
-Middle aged man has pain in stomach and realizes he's dying
-Not ready to die, hasn't done anything meaningful
-Poses question: What does one need to do to be "ready to die"?
What is "agitated depression"?
When one appears agitated (moving a lot, hand-wringing, fast pacing), there is actually depression underneath this; usually involves not eating and not sleeping
Why might LOSS of appetite or sleep be considered more serious than EXCESSIVE appetite or sleep?
because the latter at least shows hope and comfort-seeking
What did the lecturer say is the main feature of mania?
high energy
According to the lecture, why is mania a disorder?
-those with mania think they can do so much they tend to overreach themselves
-not necessarily happy
-lack of planning/recklessness
Mania is similar to disorganized schizophrenia in writing and speech, but when talking to them, the manic person is more _______ and can establish an _____________ connection
related; interpersonal
___________________ disorders involve actual tissue damage (e.g., coronary heart disease), a disease process (e.g., impairment of the immune system), or physiological dysfunction (e.g., asthma, migraine headaches)
Psychophysiological
What two treatments are usually required for the treatment of psychophysiological disorders?
medical and psychotherapy
What are 4 biological factors that contribute to psychophysiological disorders?
-chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system
-genetic contribution
-HPA axis disregulation
-weakened immunity
What are 4 psychological factors that contribute to psychophysiological disorders?
-helplessness
-pessimism
-hostility
-cynicism
What are 3 social factors that contribute to psychophysiological disorders?
-inadequate social network
-abrasive marital interactions
-marriage
What are 5 sociocultural factors that contribute to psychophysiological disorders?
-gender
-racial or ethnic background
-socioeconomic status
-exposure to racism
-culture conflicts
What are 3 psychological approaches used for stress management in the treatment of psychophysiological disorders?
relaxation training, biofeedback, or cognitive-behavioral therapy.
What is the best studied and the strongest risk factor for dementia?
age
What is dementia, according to the text?
a term used to describe the memory impairment and declining cognitive functioning resulting from degenerative brain conditions
Women tend to live longer than men, so they have a greater chance of developing ________
dementia
What is the main feature of Alzheimer's?
memory impairment
What is Alzheimer's disease?
dementia involving memory loss and other declines in cognitive and adaptive functioning
What are 2 differences in the brains between those with Alzheimer's and those without?
1) those with AD have increased shrinkage of brain tissue
2) the brains of those with AD are clogged with two abnormal structures, neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques
what are neurofibrillary tangles?
twisted masses of protein fibers found inside nerve cells
What are senile plaques?
are composed of parts of disintegrated neurons (e.g., patches of degenerated nerve endings) surrounding a group of proteins called beta- amyloid deposits
How are neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques believe to produce Alzheimer's symptoms?
by causing inflammation, disrupting the transmission of impulses between neurons, and creating other changes in the brain that eventually result in the death of neurons and shrinking of the brain.
AD is believed to be caused by both __________ and _____________ factors
hereditary; environmental
What are the 3 physical causes of autism discussed in class?
-genetics
-vaccines
-toxicants
According to the text, what is autism characterized by?
significant impairment in social communication skills and by the display of stereotyped interests and behaviors
What are 4 symptoms of autism discussed in class?
-a lack of social communication/responsiveness
-aloofness
-repetitive/stereotyped behavior
-mute or echolalic
According to the text, what are 3 types of deficits in social communication and social interaction that those with ASD experience?
-Atypical social-emotional reciprocity
-Atypical nonverbal communication
-Difficulties developing and maintaining relationships
According to the text, what are 4 types of repetitive behavior or restricted interests or activities that those with ASD may display?
-Repetitive speech, movement, or use of objects
-Intense focus on rituals or routines and strong resistance to change
-Intense fixations or restricted interests
-Atypical sensory reactivity
What are 4 biological factors that may contribute to the development of ASD?
-unique patterns of metabolic brain activity
-abnormally high levels of serotonin
-differences in brain anatomy and connectivity in brain regions that are associated with autistic traits
-accelerated growth of the amygdala in early childhood
What does a diagnosis of major depressive disorder require?
that the individual experience a major depressive episode; that is, severe depressive symptoms have impaired functioning most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 full weeks
What is "retarded depression"?
the depressive phase of bipolar disorder that is marked by slowness of thought and action
When is dysthymic disorder diagnosed?
when depressive symptoms are present most of the day for more days than not during a 2-year period (with no more than 2 months symptom-free)
What are 5 biological factors that may contribute to the depression?
-genetic predisposition
-dysfunction in neurotransmission of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain
-abnormalities in brain structures that affect motivation, appetite, sleep, energy level, circadian rhythm, and response to rewarding and aversive stimuli
-abnormal cortisol levels due to exposure to stress
-REM sleep disturbances
What are 3 psychological factors that may contribute to the depression?
-inadequate/insufficient reinforcers
-negative thoughts and specific errors in thinking
-learned helplessness/attributional style
What are 2 social factors that may contribute to the depression?
-stress
-lack of social support/resources
What are 3 sociocultural factors that may contribute to the depression?
-low socioeconomic status
-cultural differences
-female gender roles
For depression, effective _____________ treatment appears to produce more enduring results, whereas __________ produces relief from depressive symptoms only during active treatment
psychological; medication
What is the thought behind programs that "psychologically immunize" (lower risk for) children against depression?
Youth who learn to think optimistically (e.g., recognize how their efforts result in successful outcomes) and cope effectively with disappointments and challenges are much less likely to experi- ence depression
What are 5 techniques used in the programs that work to "psychologically immunize" children against depression?
-cbt techniques
-social problem solving skills
-mobilizing social support
-increasing positive emotions
-exercising, eating, and sleeping properly
What are bipolar disorders?
a group of disorders which involve symptoms of hypomania/mania that may alternate with episodes of depression
A large-scale national survey found that the lifetime prevalence for bipolar I is _ percent and for bipolar II, _._ percent. Cyclothymic disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate between _._ and 1 percent. Thus, bipolar disorders are far ____ prevalent than depressive disorders.
1; 1.1; 0.4; less
What are 4 biological factors that may contribute to bipolar disorder?
-a complex genetic basis involving interactions among multiple genes, including several genes influenced by the chemical compound lithium
-irregularities in the way the brain processes and responds to stimuli associated with reward/hypersensitivity to reward
-hormonal influences and disruptions in the stress circuitry of the brain
-abnormalities in brain areas involved in the generation and regulation of emotions and response to emotional stimuli
According to the text, although lithium generally receives positive results in treating bipolar disorders, what is a major problem associated with taking it and other mood stabilizers?
noncompliance in taking medication as prescribed (patient adjusts dosage due to weight gain, feelings of sedation, a desire to re-create hypomanic symptoms, a belief that the medication is no longer needed)
Although pharmacological therapies are critical in the treatment of bipolar disorder, what 4 other therapies is there strong evidence for to help reduce symptom severity, prevent relapse, and enhance psychosocial functioning?
-psychoeducation
-family-focused therapy
-interpersonal therapy
-cognitive-behavioral therapy
What is Beck’s cognitive explanation of depression? Give an example.
Depression is a disturbance in thinking rather than a disturbance in mood and that it is the way people interpret their experiences that affects their mood. Individuals experiencing depression tend to have a pessimistic outlook regarding present experiences and future expectations. These negative thinking patterns often lead to exaggerated, irrational, or catastrophic thinking involving self-blame and self-criticism. Individuals with a more negative outlook on life often lack psychological flexibility and get stuck in dysfunctional thinking patterns.

Example: if no one initiates conversation at a party, someone with depression may conclude, “People dislike me”
What does the text say about serotonin and depression?
A lack of serotonin is seen in depression and a serotonin transporter allele (5-HTT) is associated with depression
What are two (2) points the text makes with respect to gender and depression?
-the explanation for why more women appear to have depression are explained by gender differences in self-report or willingness to seek treatment, biased diagnosis toward finding depression among women, and depression in men may be hidden by other factors such as substance abuse or other addictive behaviors
-However, evidence suggests that women do, in fact, have higher rates of depression than men and that the differences are real rather than an artifact of self-reports or biases
According to the lecture, what is the best predictor of a suicide attempt?
previous suicide attempts
According to the lecture, what do the Intake workers for suicide emphasize?
the concreteness/specifics of the suicide plan
According to the lecture, what is a psychosomatic illness?
it is a real illness in which you can see the tissue damage
What are the 2 major differences between psychosomatic illnesses and conversion disorders?
- in conversion disorder there is no physiological basis and thus is a mystery
-conversion disorder tends to have to do with the parts of the nervous system that are under voluntary control
What are the 2 theories of psychosomatic illness discussed in class?
-prolonged emergency response
-immunocompetence
What is the "prolonged emergency response" theory of psychosomatic illness?
Short term emergency reactions, such as fear, grief, and joy, are very adaptive because they prepare you for fight or flight. However, because we're so intelligent and so symbolic, we have the capacity to turn a short term reaction into a long term worry. We can worry about the future and feel pain about the past. If an animal were forced to stay in an emergency state for an extended period of time they will start to show breakdown and this is what we do to ourselves.
What is the "immunocompetence" hypothesis of psychosomatic illness?
Under stress, the immune system weakens and buffers against protection/infection are reduced/weakened under stress
According to psychodynamic theory, what is the emotional conflict underlying cases of essential hypertension and migraine headaches?
repressed anger: person is "half-baked", in a half-way state ready to explode with anger
What are the 2 symptom placement hypotheses for pscyhosomatic illnesses discussed in class?
-emotional specificity hypothesis
-constitutional hypothesis
What is the emotional specificity hypothesis of symptom placement in psychosomatic illnesses?
it is a psychodynamic theory that for each psychosomatic illness, there is an associated different, specific underlying emotional conflict
What is the constitutional hypothesis of symptom placement in psychosomatic illnesses?
the person is suffering from global stress, doesn't matter what kind, and whichever part of the body is weakest goes first
How has the view of psychosomatic illnesses changed, according to the text?
In the past, physical disorders—such as asthma, hypertension, and headaches—made worse by stressors were referred to as psychosomatic disorders. The use of this term was meant to distinguish physical disorders affected by psychological factors from conditions considered strictly physical in nature. Now, however, mental health professionals recognize that almost any physical disorder can have a strong psychological basis. The term psychosomatic disorder has been replaced with the term psychophysiological disorder, which references any physical disorder that has a strong psychological basis or component.
According to the text, how does stress affect the immune system?
When stress results in excessive production of cortisol, the suppressed immune system may fail to detect infection; additionally, white blood cells may be unable to multiply. Because of such weakening of natural defenses, infections and diseases are more likely to develop or become more serious.
What are 2 notes about the nature of personality disorders discussed in class?
-not about suffering, more about traits/patterns of behavior
-something missing in the structure of the personality/underdeveloped personality
What is the traditional image of the "psychopath/sociopath" (antisocial personality)?
the con-artist
What are 3 characteristics of the psychopath/"con-artist" discussed in class?
-manipulator: get you in their trust and then they exploit
-the "ideal type": charming, attractive, confident, intelligent
-delinquency
According to the lecture, what is the main dysfunction of a psychopath/antisocial personality?
they cannot sustain relationships
Those with a borderline personality have a very fragile ____-_______ that may become easily disrupted and fragmented under stress
self-concept
What is the cathartic method?
memory/recall for a precipitating event that has been buried and release of the associated emotions
What are the 5 reasons Freud abandoned hypnosis?
1) not all people can be hypnotized
2) when people could be hypnotized, the cures were often temporary- not permanent and lasting
3) "love cures"- when the cures seemed to last awhile, they didn't have anything to do with uncovering emotions and thoughts, but had to do more with the patient falling in love with him or the therapist
4) hypnosis at the time was very authoritarian and Freud did not like this because as a scientist he knew that he couldn't go into the subconscious heavy handed like this> the more unobtrusive you were the more thoughts freely came out> subconscious has to feel unthreatened
5) specific incident: left door open and cleaning lady came in and thought no one was in there, but the patient was coming out of the hypnotic trance and threw her arms around Freud in affection and gratitude and he was mortified with embarrassment to be seen by the cleaning lady in this compromising position
What did Freud often encounter when his patients were free associating?
resistance
What technique did Freud develop as an alternative to hypnosis?
free association
What is resistance (psychoanalysis)?
a defense against repressed fantasies, memories, etc.
How can resistance (psychoanalysis) be informative/diagnostic?
by understanding where and when the resistance begins, the therapist can be informed of what the "sore spots" are that need defending against
Why is timing of interpretation (psychoanalysis) important?
because there is a danger when the therapist gets to the heart of the conflict that the resistance will mount and so need to be careful not to interpret too soon when patient is not ready
According to Freud, when one wakes up the dream has gone under some sort of alteration and the one that is remembered is the "________ content"
manifest
According to Freud, what is the process of a dream going from latent content (what the dream is really about) to the manifest content (how it appears to the dreamer)?
id-wish/what dream is really about> censor> wish/content is NOT considered "okay"> distortion and disguise alters appearance of the dream> manifest content
According to Freud, how does a therapist get from the manifest content to the latent content of a dream and what was the example used in class?
free associate through different aspects of dream

example: rats>food>cooking chili>husband didn't want chili>"that dirty rat">kill husband/rat>against moral standard so flips it>rats try to kill her
What is displacement in dream analysis and what was the example given in class?
sometimes the energy of the id wish is directed/shifted onto a tiny symbol or piece of the situation

example: man is attracted to friend's bride so dreams about white cloth instead of actual bride
What technique did Jung develop that was inspired by Freud's free association?
the word association test
What is the word association test (Jung)?
one person says a word and the other says the first word that comes to mind
What did Jung believe to be informative about word associations?
the content of the words and the latencies were informative
What are "latencies" (Jung)?
the delays in time it takes to respond to a word association
What are "complexes", according to Jung?
themes in the latencies
According to Jung, what is our personality development process until middle age?
natural emphasis on certain aspects of personality in order to get ahead in society> build up self-presentations at the expense of parts of personalities that are underdeveloped and neglected> middle age/"mid-life crisis": these neglected parts want to become integrated
According to Jung, what are the purposes of dreams?
to indicate what parts of the personality have been neglected and to guide a way out of the impasse ("mid-life crisis")
Jung's view of dreams is more ________ than Freud's
positive
cognitive psychologists explain psychological problems as being produced by __________ thought patterns that stem from the individual’s belief system. _________ thoughts have been conditioned through early childhood, and these _____ beliefs are re-instilled in ourselves by autosuggestion and self-repetition
irrational; Irrational; false
What are 2 processes that cognitive psychologists search for the cause of pscyhopathology within?
(a) actual irrational and maladaptive assumptions and thoughts
(b) distortions of the actual thought process
What do cognitive psychologists mean by "distortions of the actual thought process" and what is one example of these?
these are "logical errors" in thinking that distort objective reality and an example is catastrophizing
What are 5 commonalities of cognitive approaches to therapy, according to the text?
(1) to monitor their negative, automatic thoughts (cognitions);
(2) to recognize the connections between cognition, affect, and behavior;
(3) to examine the evidence for and against distorted automatic thoughts;
(4) to substitute more reality-oriented interpretations for these biased cognitions;
(5) to learn to identify and alter the beliefs that predispose them to distort their experiences.
What are 3 criticisms of cognitive models, according to the text?
-cognitions are not observable phenomena and cannot form the foundations of empiricism (behavioral)
-human behavior is more than thoughts and beliefs (humanistic)
-the nature of the approach makes the therapist a teacher, expert, and authority figure
What does cbt focus on?
altering the negative thought patterns and distorted thinking
According to the text, what are 3 things that clients are taught to do in cbt?
-to identify thoughts that precede upsetting emotions, distance themselves from these thoughts, and examine the accuracy of their beliefs
-to identify negative, self-critical thoughts and the connection between negative thoughts and negative feelings
- to replace inaccurate thoughts with realistic interpretations
In relation to depression, individuals treated with _________-__________ therapy are less likely to relapse after treatment has stopped, compared to individuals taking _______________
cognitive-behavioral; antidepressants
How are antidepressants believed to work?
by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters in the brain
What are 3 classes of antidepressants that block the reabsorption of norepinephrine and serotonin?
-tricyclics
-monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
-serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
What class of antidepressant blocks the reuptake of serotonin?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
What are atypical antidepressants?
a group of unique medications used to treat depressions, affect other neurotransmitters, including dopamine
Why are antidepressants often continued even after symptoms have subsided?
because they help improve mood but do not cure depression; that is, once medication is stopped, symptoms often return
the evidence for antidepressant efficacy is rather ____
weak
The risk of suicide associated with antidepressant use appears to be strongly ___ dependent
age
What are some side effects of stopping certain antidepressants abruptly (especially those that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin)?
severe flu-like symptoms, emotionality, and suicidal thinking as the body adjusts to functioning without the medication
What were Mrs. M's symptoms?
withdrawn, contemplating suicide, crying, delusions, loss of appetite and sleep (vegetative), slow walk, low speech, hopelessness
What were the precipitating events to Mrs. M's depression?
-serious/fatal losses (mother's death and husband's heart attack)
-empty nest losses (daughter married and son enlisted)
What is Mrs. M's personality make-up?
unconscious anger
What was Mrs. M's original diagnosis and what was wrong with his?
manic depressive psychosis, but she had no mania
According to the lecture, why did the death of Mrs. M's mother throw her into such a severe and suicidal depression?
-Mother was authoritarian/abusive
-Mother told Mrs. M that she wasn't capable of raising a child and so raised Mrs. 's daughter
-Reaction formation: turned unconscious hate for mother into conscious love
-Felt guilt over being happy she's dead
What were Mr. T's symptoms?
depressed and anxious, suicidal, beat wife, paranoid, visual hallucinations
What were the precipitating events to Mr. T's symptoms?
-wife slept with Lionel
-wife pregnant again
-Lionel's gossiping of Mr. T "hitting off"
What was Mr. T's personality make-up?
needy (precipitating events have to do with him losing attention)
What was Mr. T's diagnosis?
a personality disorder, but trouble pinpointing which one
According to the lecturer, what Freudian stage and what Eriksonian stage best characterizes Mr. T? What are (3) of his behaviors that support this choice of stage?
Freud: oral dependent stage
Erikson: trust vs mistrust

Behaviors:
-testing wife's loyalty/needs confirmation (tells her to sleep with Lionel, but doesn't really want her to)
-would give up in most arguments EXCEPT for arguments on women's lib. movement and breastfeeding over bottle-feeding
-favorite sexual activity was spooning/cuddling
How did the lecturer explain Mr. T's behavior of "walking behind others"?
he puts other person in a specific position (the paranoid position where they can be attacked from the rear)
What is the Kantian explanation for Mr. T's behavior of "walking behind others"?
he's communicating what he feels like so he puts the other person in that position, turning the tables