Psychopathology

Front 1

essential features of schizophrenia

Back 1

1. presence of psychotic features during active phase
2. characteristic symptoms involving multiple psychological processes
3. deterioation from a previous level of functioning
4. onset before age 45
5. duration of at least 6 months

Front 2

Content of thought

Back 2

- first symptom
- various delusions (i.e. grossly peculiar, wrong beliefs)

Front 3

types of delusions

Back 3

1.persecutory delusions
2. delusions of reference
3. thought broadcasting
4. thought insertion

Front 4

Perception

Back 4

hallucinations (usually auditory)
- most commonly speak directly to them in form of criticisms

Front 5

form of thought: loose associations

Back 5

key, essential disorder in schizophrenia
- natural word association
- people go awry in associations with schizophrenia

Front 6

types of loose associations

Back 6

1. derailment of thought
2. circumstantial thinking
3. tangetial thinking
4. illogical thinking
5. neologisms

Front 7

attention deficits

Back 7

1. hypervigilance to extraneous stimuli
2. cognitive flooding

Front 8

Emotional disturbances

Back 8

1. blunt affect
2. flat affect
3. inappropriate affect

Front 9

volition disturbances

Back 9

1. pronounced ambivalence
2. inadequate interest or drive

Front 10

relationship to outside world disturbances

Back 10

1.withdrawl fom involvement with others
2. preoccupation with egocentric, illogical ideas and fantasies (autism)

Front 11

psychomotor behavior disturbances

Back 11

1. catatonic stupor, or rigidity, or excitement
2. waxy flexibility

Front 12

prevalence of schizophrenia

Back 12

1. in adults: 1.3%
2. 1 million in US treated each yr
3. 15% of all treated for behavioral problem
4. occupy 50% of the beds in facilities for mentally disordered and retarded
5. occupy 25% of all hospital beds

Front 13

Disorganized schizophrenia

Back 13

1. frequent incoherence (neologisms)
2. absence of systematized delusions ( set of beliefs that fit together)
3. blunted, inappropriate or silly affect

Front 14

catatonic schizophrenia

Back 14

1. stupor
2.negativism
3. rigidity
4. excitement
5. posturing

Front 15

Paranoid schizophrenia

Back 15

1. persecutory delusions
2. grandiose delusions
3. delusional jealousy
4. hallucinations with persecutory or grandiose content

Front 16

Type I Schizophrenia

Back 16

1.positive symptoms (i.e. hallucinations)
2. abrupt onset
3. preserved intelligence
4. more favorable response to anti-psychotic drugs

Front 17

Type II Schizophrenia

Back 17

1.negative symptoms(i.e. apathy, withdrawl)
2. gradual onset
3. greater chronicity and intellectual impairment
4. poorer response to anit-psychotic drugs

Front 18

Familial and twin studies

Back 18

1. incidence 4x greater in first degree relatives of a schizophrenic than in general population
2. the closer the genetic relationship between a schizophrenic and a relative, the higher in the concordance rate

Front 19

concordance rates among family and twins

Back 19

spouses 1-2%
fraternal twins (DZ) 14%
identical twins (MZ) 47%

Front 20

Adoption studies

Back 20

adopted at high risk (HR) children are more likely to develop schizophrenia than adopted (LR) children

Front 21

cross-fostering studies

Back 21

HR & LR children placed in families in which:
1. a parent is subsequently diagnosed as schizophrenic
2. both parents are not schizophrenic

Front 22

cross-fostering study findings

Back 22

1. HR children are twice as likely as LR children to develop schizophrenia regardless of adoptive parents
2. LR children at no increased risk when raised by a schizophrenic parent

Front 23

hypotheses about sociocultural factors in schizophrenia

Back 23

there is 5x more schizophrenia in lowest social class than in highest
1. sociogenesis hypothesis
2. downward drift hypothesis

Front 24

Drug treatments

Back 24

1. anti-psychotic drugs introduced in 1950s
2. referred to a neuroleptic
3. phenothiazines is main class
4. don't affect "negative" symptoms
5. 75% of patients improve with phenothiazines
6. non-compliance in nonhospitalized patients up to 50%
7. serious side effects (40%)

Front 25

Atypical neuroleptics

Back 25

1. cozaril is best known
2. more selective in dopamine receptors blocked
3. also increases serotonin activity
4. is more effective than phenothiazines on both positive symptoms and even has impact on neg. symptoms
5. has potentially fatal side effect
6. costs $9000/yr
7. used sparingly on treatment resistant patients

Front 26

cortical

Back 26

abstract thought, concrete thought, affliation, attachment

Front 27

limbic

Back 27

sexual behavior, emotional reactivity, motor regulation

Front 28

midbrain

Back 28

"arousal", appetite/satiety, sleep

Front 29

brainstem

Back 29

blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature

Front 30

cortical modulation ratio

Back 30

the relative "power" of the cortical and limbic brain regions to modulate the more primitive, reactive, output of the brainstem and midbrain

Front 31

psychotherapy

Back 31

a conversation between two or more people with therapeutic intent

Front 32

ratio with optimal developmental experience

Back 32

corticol=12
limbic= 8 ______ 20
midbrain= 6
brainstem= 4 ______10
ratio= 2.0

Front 33

Developmental trauma (domestic violence, physical abuse) will alter the coritcol modulation ratio

Back 33

Corticol= 12
limbic= 8 ______ 20
midbrain= 8
brainstem= 6 _____ 14
ratio= 1.4

Front 34

developmental neglect (emotional or experiential deprivation) will alter the ratio

Back 34

corticol = 10
limbic = 6 ______ 16
midbrain = 6
brainstem = 4_____ 10
ratio= 1.6

Front 35

neglect and trauma: a malignant combination

Back 35

corticol= 10
limbic= 6 _____ 16
midbrain = 8
brainstem= 6 _____14
ratio= 1.1

Front 36

psychotherapist

Back 36

works closely with troubled individuals, families, or groups of individuals to promote change.