Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Norepinephrine nucleus
|
Locus cereleus
|
|
|
Norepinephrine tracts
|
Projects widely throughout the brain, including frontal cortex and cerebellum
|
|
|
Norepinephrine is involved in...
|
Mood, anxiety, arousal, learning, memory
|
|
|
Dopamine nucleus
|
Ventral tegmentum, substantia nigra
|
|
|
Dopamine nigrastriatal tract
|
Muscle tone and movement
Degenerates in Parkinson's |
|
|
Dopamine tuboinfundibular tract
|
Inhibits prolactin secretion
|
|
|
Dopamine mesolimbic tract
|
Hyperactivity assoc. w/positive psychosis signs
|
|
|
Dopamine mesocortical tract
|
Hypoactivity assoc. w/negative psychosis signs
|
|
|
Dopamine - nucleus accumbens
|
Pleasure seeking, addiction
|
|
|
Serotonin nucleus
|
Dorsal raphe
|
|
|
Serotonin action in the frontal cortex is decreased in...
|
Depression
|
|
|
Serotonin action in the basal ganglia is decreased in...
|
OCD
|
|
|
Serotonin action in the limbus/hippocampus is decreased in...
|
Panic disorder
|
|
|
Serotonin action in the hypothalamus is decreased in...
|
Bulimia
|
|
|
5HT1A presynaptic stimulation
|
Inhibits release of serotonin, down regulates
|
|
|
5HT1A postsynaptic stimulation
|
Improves depression, anxiety, OCD, bulimia, disrupts temperature regulation
|
|
|
5HT1D stimulation
|
Antimigraine effects
|
|
|
5HT2 stimulation
|
Improves OCD and bulimia
Side effects - agitation, anxiety, psychosis, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorders, hot flashes |
|
|
5HT3 stimulation
|
GI distress, headach
|
|
|
Acetylcholine nucleus
|
Basal nucleus of Meynert
|
|
|
Acetycholine associations
|
- Neurons degenerate in Alzheimer's, Down syndrome
- Interact with and balance the effect of dopamine neurons in the corpus striatum |
|
|
GABA nucleus
|
Nucleus accumbens
|
|
|
GABA associations
|
Inhibitory, site of action of barbituates, benzodiazepines and alcohol
|
|
|
Glutamate associations
|
Excitatory, involved in learning and memory, excess activity in seizure
|
|
|
Glutamate receptors
|
NMDA, AMPA, Kaniate
|
|
|
Nortriptyline
Imipramine Desipramine Doxepin Clomipramine |
TCAs
|
|
|
TCA mechanism/use
|
Block reuptake of NE and serotonin
Depression (not DOC) Imipramine - enuresis Clomipramine - DOC for OCD Fibromyalgia, panic disorder |
|
|
TCA side effects
|
Sedation, postural hyportension, anticholinergic
Toxicity - arrythmias, tachycardia, hypotension Cinfusion in elderly |
|
|
Fluoxetine
Peroxetine Sertraline Citalopram Fluvoxamine Escitalopram |
SSRIs
|
|
|
SSRI mechanism/use
|
Sertonin-specific reuptake inhibitors
DOC for depression Anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, social anxiety, PMDD |
|
|
SSRI side effects
|
GI distress
Sexual dysfunction Sleep disturbance Agitation Fluoxetine & paroxetine inhibit P450 |
|
|
Venlafaxine
Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine |
SNRIs
|
|
|
SNRI mechanism/use
|
Inhibit serotonin & NE uptke
Depression, anxiety |
|
|
SNRI side effects
|
Hypertension, stimulant effects
Sedation, nausea |
|
|
Trancylcypromine
Phenelzine Isocarboxazid |
MAOIs
|
|
|
MAOI mechanism/use
|
Inhibit MAO which breaks down NE, serotonin and dopamine
Atypical depression |
|
|
MAOI side effects
|
Hypertensive crisis w/tyramine
Contraindicated w/SSRIs, TCAs |
|
|
Buproprion
|
Increase dopamine and NE by unknown mechanism
Smoking cessation Fewer sexual side effects Stimulant effects, seizure |
|
|
Mirtazapine
|
a2 antagonist, increases release of NE and 5HT
|
|
|
Trazodone
|
Primarily inhibits serotonin reuptake
Insomnia Priapism |
|
|
Causes of dementia
|
Alzheimer's
Vascular Lewy Body Pick's Huntington's Substance abuse CJD |
|
|
Dementia pharmacologic treatment
|
Cholinesterase inhibitors
NMDA antagonists Antidepressants, benzos, antipsychotics for related symptoms |
|
|
Donzepil
Rivastigmine Galantamine Tacrine |
Cholinesterase inhbitors
Galantamine may also stimulate ACh release Tacrine is hepatotoxic All may cause GI upset |
|
|
Memantine
|
NMDA antagonist
Blocks effects of glutamate Neuroprotective |
|
|
Cluster A
|
Paranoid
Schizoid Schizotypal |
|
|
Cluster B
|
Antisocial
Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic |
|
|
Cluster C
|
Avoidant
Obesessive-compulsive Dependent |
|
|
Schizoid treatment
|
Individual therapy
|
|
|
Schizotypal treatment
|
Therapy
Antipsychotics Antidepressants |
|
|
Antisocial treatment
|
Group therapy
Antidepressants Beta-blockers, anti-convulsants |
|
|
Borderline treatment
|
Therapy - dialectical behavioral
Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics |
|
|
ADHD pharmacologic treatment
|
Stimulants
Alpha-2 agonists Atypical antidepressants NE reuptake inhibitors TCAs |
|
|
Ritalin
Methylin Dextroamphetamine sulfate DextroStat Adderal |
Short acting stimulants (3-5hrs)
|
|
|
Ritalin SR
Metadate ER Methylin ER Dextrostat SR Adderall XR |
Intermediate acting stimulants (3-8hrs)
|
|
|
Metadate CD
Ritalin LA Concerta Focalin XR |
Long acting stimulants (8-12hrs)
|
|
|
Clonidine
Guanfacine Kapvay |
Alpha 2 Agonists
Guanfacine is non-sedating |
|
|
Amoxetine
|
NE & DA reuptake inhibitor for ADHD
|
|
|
Tourette's pharmacologic treatment
|
Atypical antipsychotics
Alpha 2 agonists (best) Typical antipsychotics |
|
|
OCD pharmacologic treatment
|
SSRIs (higher doses)
TCAs Atypical antipsychotics |
|
|
Autism pharmacologic treatment
|
Atypical antipsychotics
|
|
|
Autism & Aspergers psychotherapy
|
Applied behavioral analysis
Behavior modification program Communication therapy |
|
|
Fluphenazine
Trifluoperazine Haloperidol |
High-potency antipsychotics
More likely to cause extrapyramidal symptoms More selective for D receptors, less cholinergic activity |
|
|
Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine |
Low-potency antipsychotics
Less selective, significant anticholinergic, antihistamine and alpha blockade effects |
|
|
Typical antipsychotic mechanism
|
Block D2 receptors
|
|
|
Typical antipsychotic use
|
Positive symtpoms of psychosis
Acute mania Tourette's |
|
|
Olanzapine
Clozapine Quietapine Risperadone Aripiprazole Ziprasidone |
Atypical antipsychotics
|
|
|
Atypical antipsychotics mechanism/use
|
Block 5HT2 and D2
Increase DA release from nigrostriatal, mesocortical tuberinfundicular to decrease EPS, negative symptoms and endocrine effects D2 block still effects psychosis Effective for negative and positive signs of schizophrenia |
|
|
Divalproex
Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Topiramate Oxacarbazepine Gabapentin |
Anticonvulsants/mood stabilizers
|
|
|
Buspirone
|
Anxiolytic
Stimulates 5HT1A receptors |
|
|
Alprazolam
Clonazepam Diazepam Lorazipam |
Benzodiazepines
Facilitate GABA action by increasing frequency of Cl- channel opening |
