Psychology Vocab

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Structuralism

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a movement considered to be the first school of psychology as a science, independent of philosophy.

Hint 1

Movement ,first school

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functionalism

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a general psychological approach that views mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to environmental challenges and opportunities.

Hint 2

General , views mental life/behavior as active adaptation to environmental

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Experimental psychology

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scientific study of behavior/motives/cognition in a laboratory/controlled setting in order to predict, explain, influence behavior or other psychological phenomena.

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scientific study of behavior/motives/cognition in a laboratory

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behaviorism

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study of objective, observable facts rather than subjective, qualitative processes, such as feelings, motives, and consciousness.

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study of objective,

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Humanistic psychology

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most visible today as a family of widely used approaches to psychotherapy and counseling.

Hint 5

most visible today as a family

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Cognitive neuroscience

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neuroscience and biological psychology that focuses on the neural mechanisms of cognition.

Hint 6

neuroscience and biological psychology

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psychology

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study of the mind and behavior.

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Nature-nurture issue

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debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development.

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debate centers on the relative contributions ,genetic inheritance

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Natural selection

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process which forces as competition, disease, and climate tend to eliminate individuals who are less well adapted to a particular environment.

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forces as competition

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Levels of analysis

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various ways of observation in psychology. (biological, cognitive, and sociocultural)

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ways of observation

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Biopsychological approach

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biological approach to psychology.

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Behavioral psychology

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to understanding psychological phenomena that focuses on observable aspects of behavior and makes use of behavior theory for explanation

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understanding psychological phenomena

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Biological psychology

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science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts,emotions.

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science deals with biological basis

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Cognitive psychology

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explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, language,memory, mainly through inferences from behavior.

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explores the operation of mental processes

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Evolutionary psychology

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psychological inquiry that views human cognition and behavior which has emphasis on the effects of natural selection.

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psychological inquiry

natural selection

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Psychodynamic psychology

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emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, emotions and how they might relate to early experience.

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emphasizes systematic study

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Social-cultural psychology

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describe awareness of circumstances surrounding individuals and how their behaviors are affected specifically by their surrounding, social and cultural factors.

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behaviors affected by their surrounding, social and cultural factors

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Psychometrics

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concerned with the quantification and measurement of mental attributes,behavior,performance

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concerned with the quantification

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Basic research

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research conducted to obtain greater understanding of a phenomenon, explore a theory, or advance knowledge, with no consideration of any direct practical application.

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research conducted to obtain greater understanding

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Developmental psychology

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studies the changes—physical, mental, and behavioral—that occur from conception to old age

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studies the changes physical, mental, behavioral

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Educational psychology

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dealing with the application of psychological principles and theories to a broad spectrum of teaching, training, and learning issues in educational settings.

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dealing with application of psychological

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Personality psychology

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systematically investigates the nature and definition of personality as well as its development, its structure and trait constructs, its dynamic processes, its variations, and its maladaptive forms.

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systematically investigates the nature and definition of personality

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Social psychology

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study of how an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by the presence of others.

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study of how an individual’s thoughts,

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Applied research

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studies conducted to solve real-world problems, as opposed to studies that are carried out to develop a theory or to extend basic knowledge.

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studies conducted to solve real-world problems

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industrial - organizational psychology

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studies human behavior in the work environment and applies general psychological principles to work-related issues and problems.

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studies human behavior in the work environment

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Human factors psychology

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studies the role of human factors in operating systems, with the aim of redesigning environments to fit human abilities and characteristics.

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studies the role of human

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Counseling psychology

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specializes in facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan.

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specializes in facilitating personal/interpersonal functioning across the lifespan

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Clinical psychology

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specializes in the research, assessment, diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of emotional and behavioral disorders.

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specializes in the research,

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Psychiatry

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the medical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, behavioral, and personality disorders.

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medical specialty

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Positive psychology

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field of psychological theory and research that focuses on the psychological states that enhance subjective well-being and make life most worth living.

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theory and research that focuses on the psychological states

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Community psychology

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study of how individuals relate to their communities and the reciprocal affect of communities on individuals.

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study of how individuals relate

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Testing effect

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the finding that taking a test on previously studied material leads to better retention than does restudying that material for an equivalent amount of time.

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the finding that taking a test on previously studied material

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SQ3R

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one of a variety of study methods developed on the basis of research in cognitive psychology. five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review.

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one of a variety of study methods

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empiricism

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approach to epistemology holding that all knowledge of matters of fact either arises from experience or requires experience for its validation.

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approach to epistemology either arises from experience