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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Memory
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Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
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Flashbulb memories
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Clear memory of an emotionally significant event.
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Encoding
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Processing of information, getting info. into the brain.
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Storage
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Retention of encoded information
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Retrieval
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Getting info. out of storage.
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Sensory Memory
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Immediate, initial memory of sensory information.
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Short-Term Memory
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Holds a few items briefly (like a phone number).
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Long-Term Memory
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Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory.
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Spacing Effect
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Learn better when rehearsal is spaced over time.
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Serial Postion Effect
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When given a list of words you remember the first few and the last few.
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Which is learned better, Visual, acoustic, or semantic encoding?
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Semantic encoding, because we remeber best when we apply meaning to the word.
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Chunking
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More easily recall information you can organize into meaninful units.
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Where is memory stored?
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No particular part of the brain....all spread out.
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Is stress a factor in memory?
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Yes, we remember better when we are stressed.
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Recall
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must retrieve learning from earlier (fill in the blank)
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Recognition
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Need to identify items previously learned (multiple choice)
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Relearning
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Amount of time saved when you learn information for a second time.
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Priming
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Activation of memory using association.
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Deja Vu
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We can see similar things to other situations and feel as though we have been in this situation before.
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Mood congruent
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When sad, remember sad times. (based on emotion)
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Encoding Failure
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Never enters long-term memory (due to attention focus)
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Storage Decay
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Gradual fading of memory trace
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Retreival Failure
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Inaccessible information
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Proactive inference
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Early learning disrupts later info.
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Retroactive inference
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Later learning disrupts earlier info.
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Concepts
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Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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Prototype
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Best example of a category (what comes to mind when you think of a chair, driver, bird, etc)
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Algorithm
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Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving but takes longer and very tedious. (Takes longer, less errors)
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Heuristic
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Thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems. (Faster but error prone)
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Insight
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Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. "AHA" moment.
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Confirmation bias
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We search for information that confirms our beliefs.
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Fixation
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Inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
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Mental Set
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Predisposes how we think.
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Functional Fixedness
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Think of things only in usual purpose.
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Representative Heuristic
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Judge likelihood based on how well it fits prototype.
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Availability Heuristic
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Likelihood based on availability in memory.
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Framing
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Way an issue posed affects decisions.
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Belief Bias
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Pre-existing beliefs distort logical reasoning.
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Belief Perseverance
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Cling to initial belief when bias for belief is discredited.
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Language
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Spoken, written, or signed words and combining them to communicate.
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Phonemes
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Smallest distinctive sound unit. Chat -- Ch-a-t
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Morpheme
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Smallest unit that carries meaning. Pre- , -ed
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Grammer
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System of rules enables us to communicate with others.
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Semantics
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Study of meaning.
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Syntax
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Combining words into grammatically sensible sentances.
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Operant Learning
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Associations, imitation, and reinforcement drives language acquisition.
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Inborn Universial Grammer
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Helping flower to grow in its own way, all language have same building blocks (nouns, verbs, etc).
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Statistical learning
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Gradual neural connections based on experience.
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Linguistic Determination
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Language determines the way we think.
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Thinking without language
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Can do mental practice, power of imagery
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Intelligence
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Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.
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Intelligence Tests
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Assessing mental aptitude and compare with others.
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Factor Analysis
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Statistical procedure identifies clusters of items.
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Savant Syndrome
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Person with limited mental ability has exceptional specific skill.
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Emotional Intelligence
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Ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
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Aptitude test
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Predict future performance.
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Achievement test
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Assess what you have learned.
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Reliability
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Will test give consistent results?
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Validity
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Does test measure what it is?
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Motivation
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Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
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Instinct
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Complex behavior patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
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Evolutionary Psychology
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Genetic blueprint explains dispostion for behaviors.
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Drive Reduction Theory
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Physiological need leads to aroused state which drives us to behavior. (aim is homeostasis)
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Self-Actualization
Esteem Belongingness Safety Physiological Needs |
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Set Point Theory
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We keep around the same weight-why diet effects are short-lived.
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Social Cues
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lunch or dinner time will puch hunger
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I/O Psychology
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Using psychological concepts to optimize workplaces.
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Personnel Psychology
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Employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.
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Organizational Psychology
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Pushes organization to provide work satisfaction and productivity.
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Interviewer Illusion
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We overestimate our "gut instinct".
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Halo Effect
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If I think you are nice I'll also think you're smart (ability in one area influences how you rank other areas)
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Structured Interview
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Same questions, established scoring
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James-Lang theory
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Separate physiological activity for each emotion.
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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Emotion and physiology happens at same time
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Schachter's Two-Factor Theory
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To experience emotion, must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. (physiology happens and interpret environment for emotion)
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Sympathetic Nervous system
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body's fight or flight response.
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Parasynpathetic Nervous system
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Calming equilibrium
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