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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Norms |
Accepted standards of behaviour in a particular culture or society Included in the law or can be implicit Regulate behaviour so that people follow accepted standards Deviating from stoical norms can define abnormality |
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Weaknesses of deviation from social norms definition of abnormality |
There can be value in breaking social norms for minority groups (suffragettes) Social norms are subjective Susceptible to abuse people Can change depending on the situation and time (homosexuality)! Cultural relativism |
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Strengths of deviation from social norms definition of abnormality |
It gives us a set of rules to work by to maintain order in society Act as a good goal for people suffering from mental illness |
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Failure to function adequately definition of abnormality |
Abnormality can be judged as not being able to cope, this can be abnormal and can indicate a mental health problem |
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Indicators of failing to function adequately |
Dysfunctional behaviour Observer discomfort Irrational behaviour Unpredictable behaviour Personal distress |
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Dysfunctional behaviour |
Behaviour which interferes with a persons ability tonics a normal everyday life e.g having to check the oven in off 100 times before leaving making you late for work |
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Observer discomfort |
When someone's behaviour causes others to feel uncomfortable, this can be strangers or causing distress to your family e.g a person talking loudly to themselves in a supermarket line |
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Irrational behaviour |
When a persons behaviour does not make sense to others and they cannot communicate with them rationally e.g being terrified of feather and avoiding them at all costs even though your family tells you they're harmless |
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Unpredictable behaviour |
Behaviour doesn't fit the situation e.g if people over react, appear over enthusiastic, and over anxious e.g going crazy at your partner for not getting milk |
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Personal distress |
Finding yourself intensely unhappy, inadequate and seeing your future as bleak e.g being so unhappy you cry all day alone |
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Weaknesses of the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality |
People have different views of coping and not coping e.g not crying at a funeral and everyone thinking you're shocked but you're coping well Some people with mental illness function fine e.g mothers still looking after their children if they are depressed Cultural relativism implies that cultures have different views of how one should live their life hat can't be applied to other cultures. |
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Deviation from ideal metal health |
Deviating from the ideal mental health is regarded as abnormal. This is regarded the same as having a high temperature when you are physically ill |
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Four factors concerning the medical model |
Brain structure Infection Neurotransmitters Genetics |
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Neurotransmitters |
Carry information from the brain to the body. Abnormal levels have been suggested to play a role in psychological disorders. Research shows that people with depression have low levels of serotonin and people with schizophrenia has high levels of dopamine. |
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Genetics |
Some may have a higher vulnerability to a condition through genetic factors known as a predisposition. Studies carried out on closely realities family members show that monozygotic towns have a 59% concordance rate and DZ twins have that of 30% for depression. Relatives of people with schizophrenia are 18 times more likely to be inherited with it.! |
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Brain Structure |
The brains of people with schizophrenia have bigger ventricles than those without suggesting abnormal brain structure can cause psychological disorder . |
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Infection |
Some psychological disorders can developed because of exposure to certain viruses in the womb of its mother. The virus can enter a child's brain and not enter till puberty when other hormones activate it. Research shows that mothers who suffered from a certain flu strain while pregnant were more likely to have a child with potential schizophrenia. |
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Weaknesses of brain structure causing abnormality |
Cause and effect - does schizophrenia cause enlarged ventricles or do they cause schizophrenia. |
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Weaknesses of neurotransmitters causing abnormality |
Cause and effect - do the abnormal levels cause disorder or does disorder cause the abnormal levels |
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Weaknesses of genes causing abnormality |
If psychological disorders were purely down to genetics the concordance rate should be 100% in MZ twins but it is not suggesting there must be external factors. |
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Strengths of the biological approach |
It has real life applications as effective drug treatments have been developed to alter neurotransmitters, they have been known to be effective suggesting that abnormal levels must have been a problem in the first place. |
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Weaknesses of the biological approach |
Ignores the role of other factors that aren't physical in developing abnormality such as the environment and though processes. Quite complex disorders are reduced to purely biological components, research shows that psychological therapies can also be effective in treating abnormality so though process can effect mental health too. |
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Jahoda's six categories |
Personal autonomy Accurate perception of reality Resistance to stress Adapting to the environment Positive self attitude Self actualisation of potential |
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Drug therapies |
Anti-depressants Anti-psychotics |
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Anti-depressants |
Stops serotonin from being re absorbed so it is more readily available in the brain. Keeps stimulating the receptors by blocking the nerve ending so the brain thinks there's more serotonin than there is. |
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Anti-psychotics |
Blocks the receiver on the neurotransmitter so it won't release any more dopamine deducting the levels in the brain. |
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ECT |
Biological therapy. First consent is given by the patient then blood pressure is measured and food and drink cannot be consumed for 6 hours prior. The patient is given general anaesthetic, an oxygen mask, muscle relaxant and mouth guard for teeth. Electrodes are unilateral or bolster and cause a small seizure which lasts up to 60 seconds. This is done up to three times a week and 3-15 treatments are needed. Used to treat sever abnormality and alters the functioning of neurotransmitters so the brain can communicate effectively. |
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Evaluation of ECT |
Evidence to suggest it is effective and not just placebo. Compared with sham ECT it is more effective at treating depression. More effective than drugs for short term effects but none compared with new drugs. However some patients receiving sham ECT recorders too suggesting the attention could play a role. It had bad side effects like headaches and memory loss after ECT and permanent fear and anxiety (1/3 of patients) 84% relapsed after 6 months. |
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Personal Automony |
A person should be able to function independently and recognise their own needs and effectively make decisions based upon these |
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Accurate perception of reality |
A person should be able to see things as they really are and not be overly pessimistic or optimistic |
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Resistance to stress |
A person should be able to cope with stressful situations |
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Adapting to the environment |
A person should be able to adjust to new situations and solve problems. They should be able to function at work, home and in relationships |
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Positive self-attitude |
A person should have high self esteem and a strong sense of identity. Low self esteem and a negative view of the self can lead to abnormality. |
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Self actualisation of potential |
A mentally healthy person should develop their strengths and try to reach their full potential through developing their capabilities |
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Weaknesses of the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality |
It is unlikely we can diagnose mental illness in the same way as physical illness because mental illness can be a result of life experience. Cultural relativism means we cannot judge other cultures on western ideas of ideal mental health like self actualisation It is difficult to meet all 6 criteria and how are we to know how many or how little we must meet to be abnormal or normal |
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Biological approach to abnormality |
Treats abnormality as a physical condition (medical model) and all mental illnesses are a result of a change in the body |
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Deviation from ideal metal health |
Deviating from the ideal mental health is regarded as abnormal. This is regarded the same as having a high temperature when you are physically ill |
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Four factors concerning the medical model |
Brain structure Infection Neurotransmitters Genetics |
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Neurotransmitters |
Carry information from the brain to the body. Abnormal levels have been suggested to play a role in psychological disorders. Research shows that people with depression have low levels of serotonin and people with schizophrenia has high levels of dopamine. |
|
|
Genetics |
Some may have a higher vulnerability to a condition through genetic factors known as a predisposition. Studies carried out on closely realities family members show that monozygotic towns have a 59% concordance rate and DZ twins have that of 30% for depression. Relatives of people with schizophrenia are 18 times more likely to be inherited with it.! |
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Brain Structure |
The brains of people with schizophrenia have bigger ventricles than those without suggesting abnormal brain structure can cause psychological disorder . |
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Infection |
Some psychological disorders can developed because of exposure to certain viruses in the womb of its mother. The virus can enter a child's brain and not enter till puberty when other hormones activate it. Research shows that mothers who suffered from a certain flu strain while pregnant were more likely to have a child with potential schizophrenia. |
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Weaknesses of brain structure causing abnormality |
Cause and effect - does schizophrenia cause enlarged ventricles or do they cause schizophrenia. |
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Weaknesses of neurotransmitters causing abnormality |
Cause and effect - do the abnormal levels cause disorder or does disorder cause the abnormal levels |
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Weaknesses of genes causing abnormality |
If psychological disorders were purely down to genetics the concordance rate should be 100% in MZ twins but it is not suggesting there must be external factors. |
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Strengths of the biological approach |
It has real life applications as effective drug treatments have been developed to alter neurotransmitters, they have been known to be effective suggesting that abnormal levels must have been a problem in the first place. |
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Weaknesses of the biological approach |
Ignores the role of other factors that aren't physical in developing abnormality such as the environment and though processes. Quite complex disorders are reduced to purely biological components, research shows that psychological therapies can also be effective in treating abnormality so though process can effect mental health too. |
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Jahoda's six categories |
Personal autonomy Accurate perception of reality Resistance to stress Adapting to the environment Positive self attitude Self actualisation of potential |
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Drug therapies |
Anti-depressants Anti-psychotics |
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Anti-depressants |
Stops serotonin from being re absorbed so it is more readily available in the brain. Keeps stimulating the receptors by blocking the nerve ending so the brain thinks there's more serotonin than there is. |
|
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Anti-psychotics |
Blocks the receiver on the neurotransmitter so it won't release any more dopamine deducting the levels in the brain. |
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|
ECT |
Biological therapy. First consent is given by the patient then blood pressure is measured and food and drink cannot be consumed for 6 hours prior. The patient is given general anaesthetic, an oxygen mask, muscle relaxant and mouth guard for teeth. Electrodes are unilateral or bolster and cause a small seizure which lasts up to 60 seconds. This is done up to three times a week and 3-15 treatments are needed. Used to treat sever abnormality and alters the functioning of neurotransmitters so the brain can communicate effectively. |
|
|
Evaluation of ECT |
Evidence to suggest it is effective and not just placebo. Compared with sham ECT it is more effective at treating depression. More effective than drugs for short term effects but none compared with new drugs. However some patients receiving sham ECT recorders too suggesting the attention could play a role. It had bad side effects like headaches and memory loss after ECT and permanent fear and anxiety (1/3 of patients) 84% relapsed after 6 months. |
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Evaluation of Drugs |
Anti depressants are less useful for teens, study suggests they're not much more useful than placebo Increase suicidal thoughts, SSRI takers twice as likely to commit Nausea, anxiety side effects SSRIs Only effective for as long as they are taken treat symptoms not the cause -likely to relapse A review of 35 studies say anti depressants are better than placebo Drugs are easy, likely to complete cause unlike psychological therapy |
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Faulty Thinking |
Focuses on cognition thoughts expectations and attitudes about how a person perceives and judges the world around them. Abnormality the result of irrational, faulty and negative thinking (distorted thought patterns) thoughts influence behaviour, the individual is the cause of their own behaviour. |
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Faulty thinking examples |
Catastrophizing Overgeneralisation All or nothing thinking Jumping to conclusions Personalisation Mental filter |
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Catastrophizing |
When events or situations are exaggerated and perceived as disasters |
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Overgeneralisation |
You see a single negative event as a never ending pattern so if something happened once it will always happen |
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Personal Automony |
A person should be able to function independently and recognise their own needs and effectively make decisions based upon these |
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All or nothing thinking |
You see things in black and white extremes |
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Jumping to conclusions |
This is when you think negatively about something without an evidence to support it |
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Personalisation |
Blaming yourself for something when the responsibility is not always urs |
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Metal filter |
Only taking notice of negative or bad things that have happened and ignoring the positive things |
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Evaluation of the cognitive approach |
Cause and effect Development of successful therapies which concentrate on thought problems suggesting it was a cause Blames the individual suggesting they are responsible for things they can't control Supported by research, irrational thinking patterns were displayed by many people with depression and anixety |
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A-B-C model |
A model to outline how faulty thinking effects our behaviour Activating Event Belief Consequence |
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CBT |
Cognitive behavioural therapy Identifies and challenges irrational beliefs so they become happier and less anxious and change their behaviour |
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Disputing techniques |
Empirical - beliefs may not be consistent with reality e.g is their propf Logical - thoughts don't follow logically to info available e.g does it make sense Pragmatic - lack of usefulness of self defeating beliefs Homework thought diary |
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Freuds Mind |
Conscious - aware of Preconcious - what we can be some of aware of, holds the EGO (reality principle) gets what the ID wants and whilst taking account of reality. Holds the SUPEREGO (morality) learns ethical restraint from parents Unconscious - the ID (pleasure) demands immediate satisfaction basically needs |
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Psychodynamic approach |
Mental disorders have a psychological cause not a physical cause. They are results of unresolved conflict between the ID and the SUPEREGO in the unconscious mind. Conflict causes anxiety to reduce the anxiety the ego uses defence mechanisms |
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Accurate perception of reality |
A person should be able to see things as they really are and not be overly pessimistic or optimistic |
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Defence mechanisms |
Regression - childish Repression - moving unpleasant thoughts to the unconscious Projection - blaming someone else or projecting thoughts into others Denial Displacement - venting anger elsewhere Overuse of them can cause abnormality |
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Childhood |
Early traumatic experiences can cause mental illness if you can't cope you may repress which may cause abnormality later |
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Evaluation of psychodynamic Approach |
Abstract concepts are hard to test as our actions come from the unconscious mind (unscientific) Freuds patients were all women Based his theories on case studies Difficult to test his predictions Freud over emphasises childhood incidents and ignores actual problems Biological factors ignored |
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Psychoanalysis |
Free association -patient would say whatever comes into their mind even if irrevalant, therapist will analyse and interpret what they say (unconscious mind coming to conscious) Dream interpretation - keep a dream diary as they contain symbols that represent unconscious conflicts and by interpreting dreams the therapist could bring these to the convoys mind so they can be resolved as can the abnormality. Ink Blot Tests - a type of projective test where a person has. To respond to unclear stimuli. We all interpret differently, find out conflicts in unconscious minds and solve. |
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Evaluation of psychoanalysis |
No scientific evidence for unconscious mind causing abnormality It doesn't always work Unethical to recall traumatic memories Can plant false memories Some find it difficult to verbally express so they can't access the therapy Based on weak theory but does sometimes work |
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Resistance to stress |
A person should be able to cope with stressful situations |
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Adapting to the environment |
A person should be able to adjust to new situations and solve problems. They should be able to function at work, home and in relationships |
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Positive self-attitude |
A person should have high self esteem and a strong sense of identity. Low self esteem and a negative view of the self can lead to abnormality. |
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Self actualisation of potential |
A mentally healthy person should develop their strengths and try to reach their full potential through developing their capabilities |
|
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Weaknesses of the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality |
It is unlikely we can diagnose mental illness in the same way as physical illness because mental illness can be a result of life experience. Cultural relativism means we cannot judge other cultures on western ideas of ideal mental health like self actualisation It is difficult to meet all 6 criteria and how are we to know how many or how little we must meet to be abnormal or normal |
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Biological approach to abnormality |
Treats abnormality as a physical condition (medical model) and all mental illnesses are a result of a change in the body |
