Psychology Unit 1

Front 1

External Validty

Back 1

extent to which results can be applied outside of experiment

Front 2

Internal Validity

Back 2

How valid is the data within the experiment. were

Front 3

Psychology

Back 3

the study of behaviour and mental processes of individuals and how it is affected by an organisms surroundings

Front 4

Pop psychology

Back 4

unfounded opinions based on popular beliefs, urban legends

Front 5

psuedo sciences

Back 5

takes complex problems and gives them simple answers, looks for validations and reasons

Front 6

scientific psychology

Back 6

challenegs beliefs, collects data, analyzes it, repeats, peer reviews, published

Front 7

experiment

Back 7

quantitative reasearch with numerical data, determines cause effect relationship

Front 8

independent variable

Back 8

being manipulated by researcher

Front 9

dependent variable

Back 9

being measured by researcher,

Front 10

contolled variable

Back 10

kept constant to avoid influencing relationship between iv and dv

Front 11

standardized prodecure

Back 11

directions given to participants during an experiment are exactly the same

Front 12

random allocations to conditions

Back 12

participants are randomly assigned to conditions to avoid sampling bias

Front 13

lab experiment

Back 13

done in a highly controlled conditions

Front 14

field experiment

Back 14

natural setting, less control on variables

Front 15

true experiment

Back 15

iv is manipulated and dv is measured under controlled conditions

Front 16

quasi experiment

Back 16

no iv is manipulated and participants are not randomly allocated

Front 17

natural experiment

Back 17

result of something naturally happening

Front 18

sampling bias

Back 18

causes low externa validity

Front 19

self selected sample

Back 19

volunteers

Front 20

oppertunity/ convience sample

Back 20

who is easy to get

Front 21

random sample

Back 21

chose from population, equal chances of being chosen

Front 22

purposive

Back 22

looking for specific traits of self selected

Front 23

snowball/network

Back 23

purposive samleing then ask them to bring more

Front 24

stratatified sample

Back 24

get sample to reflect population based on percentages

Front 25

ethics

Back 25

informed consent, protection from harm, anonymitiy, confidentiallity, withdrawal from participation, deception, debriefing, cost benefit analysis, ethics comittees

Front 26

Artifacts

Back 26

results that are associated with effect of unforeseen factors

Front 27

behavior

Back 27

external, can be observed

Front 28

mental processes

Back 28

cannot be observed directly, internal

Front 29

nomothetic approach

Back 29

the set of rules that describe all behavior

Front 30

quantitative

Back 30

with variables of constructs that need to be operationalized

Front 31

constructs

Back 31

theoretical described variables, ex. love, hate, anger

Front 32

correlational studies

Back 32

dont control the variables, cannot assume which causes which

Front 33

descriptive studies

Back 33

variables are controlled individually

Front 34

qualitative research

Back 34

uses observations and interviews, data in textual form

Front 35

idiographic approach

Back 35

in depth analysis of a particular case without universalizing

Front 36

credibility

Back 36

extent to which results can be trusted, linked to bias

Front 37

confounding variables

Back 37

variables that can distort results, need to be controlled

Front 38

representatives

Back 38

represent the target population

Front 39

target

Back 39

the group wanting to be generalized

Front 40

independent measure design

Back 40

random groups, control iv, assume groups are equivalent, can add more ivs

Front 41

matched pairs

Back 41

test dv before and rank from high to low then pair off

Front 42

repeated measure design

Back 42

same group with different conditions, order effect is possible, counterbalancing switches order, participants compared to themselves in participant variability

Front 43

construct validity

Back 43

operalization to construct can be a leap and sometimes wrong

Front 44

population validity

Back 44

sample to target population

Front 45

ecological validity

Back 45

generalized to other situations/settings

Front 46

selection bais

Back 46

groups are not equivalent

Front 47

history bias

Back 47

outisde events of participants

Front 48

maturation bias

Back 48

fatigue, growth, over long periods of time

Front 49

testing effect

Back 49

famaliarity, 1st versus 2nd time

Front 50

instrumentation

Back 50

instrument changes, human error

Front 51

regression to mean

Back 51

initial dv scale is extreme but generalized as a different mean

Front 52

experimental morality

Back 52

people drop out and create imbalance

Front 53

demand characeristics

Back 53

participants behave how experimentor expects

Front 54

experimenter bias

Back 54

experimenter unintentinoally effects results, lose double-blind to stop

Front 55

statistical significance

Back 55

how likely results are to be pure chance, good is less than .05

Front 56

third variable problem (corrlation)

Back 56

another variable causes correlation

Front 57

curvilinear relationships

Back 57

correlation reduces other relationships to linear

Front 58

spurions correlations

Back 58

some correlations could be chance

Front 59

trustworthiness

Back 59

internal validity in qualitative studies, credibility

Front 60

triangulation

Back 60

method (use diff), data(sources), researcher(resources and people), theory(interpretation)

Front 61

establishing a rapport

Back 61

participants dont alter behavior and responses are voluntary, relationship between researcher and participant

Front 62

iterative questioning

Back 62

participants want to make an impression, rephrase the question

Front 63

reflexivity

Back 63

researcher reflects on bias, epistemocological linked to method and personal linked to beliefs and expectations

Front 64

credibility checks

Back 64

check accuracy with participants in qualitative

Front 65

thick descriptions

Back 65

provide meaningful details in observations of qualitative

Front 66

acquiescence bais

Back 66

tendency to give positive answers

Front 67

social desirability bias

Back 67

behave a certain way to be acceptable/liked

Front 68

dominant respondent bias

Back 68

one person dominates in a group setting

Front 69

sensitivity bais

Back 69

distort responses to sensitive questions, deflecting

Front 70

confirmation bias

Back 70

researched has prior belief and it affects observations

Front 71

leading question bias

Back 71

researcher wording questions that incline results/answers in participants

Front 72

quesion order bias

Back 72

general than specefic questions

Front 73

biased reporting

Back 73

findings arent equally represented

Front 74

quota sampling

Back 74

qualitative, define wanted characteristics by numbers and recruit them

Front 75

purposive sampling

Back 75

like quota but proportions and sample size are undefined

Front 76

theoretical visability

Back 76

stops when data saturation is reached, no new information

Front 77

theoretical generazibillity

Back 77

rigorous analysis and interpertation of findings, generalize to a wider theory

Front 78

case to case generazibility

Back 78

if findings can be applied to different or similar situations, transferability

Front 79

observational research

Back 79

how people interact, react, behave, and interpert

Front 80

labatotory versus naturalistic

Back 80

may be time consuming but more ethical

Front 81

participant observations

Back 81

observer joins observed group for information

Front 82

covert

Back 82

participants aware, covert participants not aware

Front 83

unstructured

Back 83

researcher takes notes as things happen

Front 84

interview

Back 84

verbal responses, understand participants, personal, interviewers must be trained

Front 85

structured

Back 85

fixed questions and order

Front 86

semi-structured

Back 86

no order of set questions, like a checklist, can ask follow up questions

Front 87

unstructured

Back 87

participant-driven, previous questions determine next

Front 88

focus group

Back 88

6-10 people, interaction with each other, natural environment, as a group, multiple perspectives

Front 89

content analysis in qualitative

Back 89

write tanscript, reread raw material, identify inital themes, low level themes are grouped into smaller number of high level themes, summary table is made, list theories and quotes, conclusions are formulated with memos

Front 90

case study

Back 90

in depth investigation of a unique group, to investigate phenomena that cant be studied otherwise, to contradict establish theories

Front 91

theories

Back 91

provide a model, need to describe why and make predictions,

Front 92

characteristics of a theory

Back 92

based on a hypothesis, backed by evidence, testable, based on an approach

Front 93

biological theories

Back 93

based on the assumption that human behavior has its roots in psychological processes

Front 94

cognitive theories

Back 94

based on the assumption that the way we perceive and think about the world affects our behavior

Front 95

sociocultural theories

Back 95

based on the assumption that our behavior is influenced bt other people and the environment

Front 96

freudian theory

Back 96

belief that feelings come from the hidden unconcious

Front 97

evaluating theories

Back 97

testable, empirically supported by numbers, applicational, construct validity, unbiased, predicts behaviour

Front 98

demand characteristics

Back 98

participants act different because they know they're in a study

Front 99

expectancy affect

Back 99

try and figure out hypothesis and help researcher

Front 100

negative participant

Back 100

try and figure hypothesis and try to hurt experiment

Front 101

bideractional ambiguity

Back 101

correlational, no iv studied, don't know which causes which,