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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
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Availability heuristic
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The idea that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal. See Theory of bounded rationality.
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Bounded rationality
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An error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.
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Conjunction fallacy
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Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer.
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Convergent thinking
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A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.
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Correlation coefficient
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The generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful.
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Creativity
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The process of evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.
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Decision making
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Scores that locate subjects precisely within the normal distribution, using the standard deviation as the unit of measurement.
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Deviation IQ scores
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Trying to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions.
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Divergent thinking
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The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.
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Functional fixedness
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The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently.
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Gambler’s fallacy
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An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.
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Heritability ratio
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A strategy, guiding principle, or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions.
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Heuristic
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A problem-solving approach that entails selecting the alternative at each choice point that appears to lead most directly to one’s goal.
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Hill-climbling heuristic
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In problem solving, the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error.
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Insight
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A child’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
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Intelligence quotient (IQ)
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In intelligence testing, a score that indicates that a child displays the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age.
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Mental age
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Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.
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Mental set
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A symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.
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Normal distribution
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A figure that indicates the percentage of people who score below the score one has obtained.
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Percentile score
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The reasons presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true.
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Premises
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Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available.
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Problem solving
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Genetically determined limits on IQ or other traits.
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Reaction range
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Giving an abstract concept a name and then treating it as though it were a concrete, tangible object.
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Reification
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The measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques).
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Reliability
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
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Representativeness heuristic
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Making choices under conditions of uncertainty.
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Risky decision making
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The idea that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational” decisions that are less than optimal.
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Theory of bounded rationality
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Trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works.
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Trial and error
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The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.
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Validity
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