Psychology- Themes & Variations/chpt. 11 Personality: Theory, Research, And Assessment

Front 1

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.

Back 1

Archetypes

Front 2

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.

Back 2

Behaviorism

Front 3

According to Jung, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past.

Back 3

Collective unconscious

Front 4

According to Adler, efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities.

Back 4

Compensation

Front 5

Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time.

Back 5

Conscious

Front 6

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.

Back 6

Defense mechanisms

Front 7

Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.

Back 7

Displacement

Front 8

According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.

Back 8

Ego

Front 9

Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables.

Back 9

Factor analysis

Front 10

According to Freud, failure to move forward from one psychosexual stage to another as expected.

Back 10

Fixation

Front 11

Maslow’s systematic arrangement of needs according to priority, which assumes that basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.

Back 11

Hierarchy of needs

Front 12

The tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.

Back 12

Hindsight bias

Front 13

A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.

Back 13

Humanism

Front 14

According to Freud, the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.

Back 14

Id

Front 15

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.

Back 15

Identification

Front 16

The degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience.

Back 16

Incongruence

Front 17

A person whose behavior is observed by another.

Back 17

Model

Front 18

The need to fulfill one’s potential.

Back 18

Need for self-actualization

Front 19

A type of learning that occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Back 19

Observational learning

Front 20

According to Freud, children’s manifestation of erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent.

Back 20

Oedipal complex

Front 21

An individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits.

Back 21

Personality

Front 22

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

Back 22

Personality trait

Front 23

According to Freud, the principle upon which the id operates, demanding immediate gratification of its urges.

Back 23

Pleasure principle

Front 24

According to Freud, the level of awareness that contains material just beneath the surface of conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved.

Back 24

Preconscious

Front 25

Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.

Back 25

Projection

Front 26

Psychological tests that ask subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects’ needs, feelings, and personality traits.

Back 26

Projective tests

Front 27

According to Freud, developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality.

Back 27

Psychosexual stages

Front 28

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.

Back 28

Rationalization

Front 29

Behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings.

Back 29

Reaction formation

Front 30

According to Freud, the principle on which the ego operates, which seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found.

Back 30

Reality principle

Front 31

A reversion to immature patterns of behavior.

Back 31

Regression

Front 32

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.

Back 32

Repression

Front 33

People with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth.

Back 33

Self-actualizing persons

Front 34

A collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.

Back 34

Self-concept

Front 35

One’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.

Back 35

Self-efficacy

Front 36

Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior.

Back 36

Self-report inventories

Front 37

According to Adler, the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life’s challenges.

Back 37

Striving for superiority

Front 38

According to Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

Back 38

Superego

Front 39

According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior.

Back 39

Unconscious