Psychology Themes And Variations 3Rd Ed. Wayne Weiten & Doug Mccann Chapter 1

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Applied Psychology

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The branch of psychology concerned with practical problems.

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Stimulus

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Any detectable input from the environment.

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Structuralism

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School of thought based on notion that that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements.

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Introspection

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Observation of one's own conscious experience.

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Functionalism

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School of thought asserting that psychology's major purpose was to investigate the function or purpose of consciousness.

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Behavioursim

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The theoretical orientation asserting that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour.

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Behaviour

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An observable activity or response by an organism.

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Evolutionary Psychology

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Examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive or survival value for a species.

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Critical Thinking

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The use of cognitive skills and strategies to increase the probablility of a desirable outcome.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

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Freudian theory that explains personality and abnormal behaviour in terms of unconsious processes.

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Unconsious

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According to psychoanalytic theory, that portion of the mind containing thoughts, memories, and wishes, not in awarness but nonetheless exerting a strong effect on human behaviour.

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Humanism

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The psychological theory asserting that human beings are unque and fundamentally different from other animals.

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Ethnocentrism

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The tendency to view one's own group as superior to other groups.

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Culture

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Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, and institutions, that are transmitted socially across generations.

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Clinical psychology

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The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

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Cognition

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Mental process of thinking.

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Psychology

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The science that studies behaviour and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies this knowledge to solving various practical problems.

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Psychiatry

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The branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

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Empiricism

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The point of view that knowledge should be based on observation.

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Theory

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A system of ideas used to link together or explain a set of observations.

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SQ3R

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A five step procedure designed to improve study skills.

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Testwisness

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Ability to use the characteristics and formats of a test to maximize one's score.

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Natural Selection

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The Darwinian principle that characteristics that have a survival advantage for a species are more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations.

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Positive Psychology

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Uses theory and research to better understand adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence.

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Aristotle's Theory of Memory

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suggests that memories are the result of three principles of association; similarity, contrast, and contiguity.

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Wilhelm Wundt

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"the founder of psychology," made psychology an independent discipline in 1879. Wundt felt psychology's primary focus was consciousness.

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G. Stanley Hall

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-established first labratory in psychology
-launched America's first psychology journal
-first President of the Americal Psychological Association (APA)

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"Our conclusion is that we have no real evidence of the inheritance of traits. I would feel perfectly confident in the ultimately favourable outcome of careful upbringing of a healthy, well-formed baby born of a long line of crooks, murders and thieves, and prostitutes."

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John. B. Watson (1930)

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"The book which I present to the public is an attempt to mark out a new domain of science....The new discipline rests upon anatomical and physiological foundations....The experimental treatment of pychological problems must be pronounced from every point of view to be in its first beginnings."

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Wilhelm Wundt (1874/1904)

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"Consciousness, then, does not appear to itself chopped up into bits. Such words as 'chain' or 'train' do not describe it fitly....It is nothing jointed; it flows. A 'river' or 'stream' are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described."

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William James (1890)