Psychology Test Son! 28 Doe~

Front 1

Transduction

Back 1

the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity.

Front 2

Sensory Adaption

Back 2

tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.

Front 3

synesthesia

Back 3

disorder in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation.

Front 4

sensation

Back 4

the process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organ are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.

Front 5

absolute threshold

Back 5

the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present.

Front 6

just noticeable difference

Back 6

the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time

Front 7

habitutation

Back 7

tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.

Front 8

visual accomodation

Back 8

the change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are away or close.

Front 9

rods

Back 9

visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light.

Front 10

cones

Back 10

visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision.

Front 11

blind spot

Back 11

area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of the retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light.

Front 12

dark adpation

Back 12

the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights.

Front 13

light adaption

Back 13

the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness.

Front 14

trichromatic theory

Back 14

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones:red, blue, and green.

Front 15

afterimages

Back 15

images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed.

Front 16

opponent-process theory

Back 16

theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow.

Front 17

hertz(Hz)

Back 17

cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency.

Front 18

pinna

Back 18

the visible part of the ear.

Front 19

auditory canal

Back 19

short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum.

Front 20

cochlea

Back 20

snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid.

Front 21

auditory nerve

Back 21

bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear.

Front 22

pitch

Back 22

psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches.

Front 23

place theory

Back 23

theory if pitch that states that different pitches are experienced by the stimulation of hair cells in different lcotations on the organ of Corti.

Front 24

frequency theory

Back 24

theory of pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed f vibrations in the basilar membrane.

Front 25

volley principle

Back 25

theory of pitch that states that frequencies from about 400 Hz to 4000 Hz cause the hair cells(auditory neurons) to fire in a volley pattern, or take turns in firing.

Front 26

gustation

Back 26

the sensation of a taste.

Front 27

olfaction

Back 27

the sensation of smell.

Front 28

olfactory bulbs

Back 28

areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells.

Front 29

somesthetic senses

Back 29

the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses.

Front 30

skin senses

Back 30

the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Front 31

kinesthetic senses

Back 31

sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other.

Front 32

vestibular senses

Back 32

the sensations of movement, balance, and body position.

Front 33

sensory conflict theory

Back 33

an explanation of motion sickness in which the information of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomfort.

Front 34

perception

Back 34

the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.

Front 35

size constancy

Back 35

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance.

Front 36

shape constancy

Back 36

the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina.

Front 37

brightness constancy

Back 37

the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same when when the light conditions change.

Front 38

figure-ground

Back 38

the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background.

Front 39

reversible figures

Back 39

visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed.

Front 40

proximity

Back 40

the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping.

Front 41

closure

Back 41

the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.

Front 42

continuity

Back 42

the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern.

Front 43

contiguity

Back 43

the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.

Front 44

depth perception

Back 44

the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.

Front 45

monocular cues(pictorial depth cues)

Back 45

cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only.

Front 46

binocular cues

Back 46

cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes.

Front 47

linear perscpetives

Back 47

the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other.

Front 48

relative size

Back 48

perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away.

Front 49

Overlap(interposition)

Back 49

the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer.

Front 50

aerial perspective

Back 50

the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater.

Front 51

texture gradient

Back 51

the tendency for textured surface to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases.

Front 52

motion parallex

Back 52

the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than the objects that are farther away.

Front 53

accomodation

Back 53

as a monocular clue, the brain's use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to cooling at objects that are close or far away.

Front 54

convergence

Back 54

the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focuses on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant.

Front 55

binocular disparity

Back 55

the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects.

Front 56

Muller-Lyer illusion

Back 56

illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different.

Front 57

perceptual set(perceptual expectancy)

Back 57

the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experience or expectations influence those perceptions.

Front 58

top-down processing

Back 58

the use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.

Front 59

bottom-up processing

Back 59

the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception

Front 60

parapsychology

Back 60

the study of ESP, ghosts, and other subjects that do not normally fall into the realm of ordinary psychology.