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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two centers control puberty |
1 . adrenal glands-produce adrenal androgens starting around age 6-8 and peak in the early 20s, eventually producing pubic hair, skin changes, body odor, and feelings of sexual desire 2. HPG axis-main system that sets the bodily changes in motion, involves the hypothalamus, pituitary, and the gonads(ovaries/testes), which produce estrogen and testosterone |
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What initially triggers the hypothalamic hormone |
leptin levels and a variety of environmental influences |
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Which center operates first |
adrenarche |
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What hormones are involved in puberty |
1.Estrogen=produce females changing shape by causing the hips to widen and the uterus and breast to enlarge. They set in motion the cycle of reproduction, stimulating the ovaries to produce eggs 2. Testosterone=The hormone responsible for the maturation of the organs of reproduction and other signs of puberty in men, and for hair and skin changes during puberty and for sexual desire in both sexes |
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When does puberty begin? What causes it?
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puberty is set off by a three-phase chain reaction. At about age 9 or 10 in response to various genetic and environmental influences, the hypothalamus releases a hormone that stimulates the pituitary gland to produce its own hormones, which cause the ovaries in girls and the testes in boys to grow and secrete estrogen and testosterone, producing physical changes of puberty |
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What are the primary and secondary characteristics of puberty |
Primary-physical changes of puberty that directly involve the organs of reproduction, such as the growth of the penis and the onset of menstruation Secondary-physical changes of puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction such as breast development, pubic hair, voice changes, and alterations in the skin |
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Is puberty different for boys and girls |
In girls puberty begins with the growth spurt and menarche occurs late in the process In boys externally visible changes of puberty occur later and the organs of reproduction are the first to start to develop |
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What is the average age of menarche and spermarche |
Menarche=occurs in the middle to final stages of breast and pubic hair development when growth is winding down Spermarche=around age 13 |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
a potentially life threatening eating disorder characterized by pathological dieting resulting in severe weight loss and, in females, loss of menstruation and by a distorted body image |
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Bulimia Nervosa |
an eating disorder characterized by at least biweekly cycles of binging and purging(by inducing vomiting or taking laxatives) in an obsessive attempt to lose weight |
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Binge eating disorder |
a newly labeled eating disorder defined by recurrent, out of control binging accompanied by feelings of disgust |
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What are some causes of eating disorders |
genetic vulnerabilities, prior internalizing tendencies, and low self-esteem |
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What is sexual desire triggered by? At what age does this occur? |
sexual desire is triggered by the adrenal androgens, and first switches on at around age 10, sexual signals from the outside world feed back to cause children to really become interested in sex |
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Factors that predict making the transition to intercourse include what |
race, SES, family and peer influences, and gravitating to sex-laden media. |
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sexual double standard |
a cultural code that gives men greater sexual freedom than woman. Specifically, society expects males to want to have intercourse and expects females to remain virgins until they marry and to be more interested in relationships than in having sex |
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Formal Operational Stage |
Jean Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development, reached at around age 12 and characterized by teenagers ability to reason at an abstract, scientific level |
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What are the main characteristics of formal operational thinking |
1. Adolescents can think logically about concepts and hypothetical possibilities 2. Adolescents can think like real scientists-approach problems in a systematic way, devising a strategy to scientifically prove that something is true 3.can act in the world like adults |
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Kohlberg's theory of moral development |
reaching formal operations makes it possible for teenagers to develop moral values that guide their lives by examining how they reason about ethical dilemmas |
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What are Kohlberg's three levels |
1. perconventional level 2. conventional level 3. post conventional level |
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Preconventional level |
the lowest level of moral reasoning, in which people approach ethical issues by considering the personal punishments or rewards of taking a particular action |
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conventional level |
the intermediate level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issues by considering the need to uphold social norms |
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Post conventional level |
the highest level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issues by applying their own moral guidelines apart from society's rules |
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David Elkind |
draws on formal operational thinking to make sense of the classic behavior we often observe in young teens-their incredible sensitivity to what other people think |
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Adolescent egocentrism |
Elkind's term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that their actions are at the center of everyone else's consciousness |
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Imaginary audience |
Elkind's term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that everyone is watching their every action; a component of adolescent egocentrism (feel like they are on stage) |
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Personal fable |
Elkind's term for the tendency to believe that their lives are special and heroic; a component of adolescent egocentrism (they are invincible and that their life experiences are unique) |
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Adolescents are what |
highly socially sensitive |
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In arousing peer situations, adolescents are apt to do what |
take dangerous risks; this risk taking(and sometimes law breaking) propensity, especially with friends, makes adolescence a potentially dangerous time. |
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experience sample technique |
a research procedure designed to capture moment to moment experiences by having people carry pagers and take notes describing their activities and emotions whenever the signal sounds |
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What did experience sample technique show |
adolescents do live life on an intense emotional plane. teenagers reported experiencing euphoria and deep unhappiness far more often than a comparison sample of adults |
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non suicidal self-injury |
cutting, burning, or purposely injuring ones body to cope with stress |
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At risk teens tend to have what |
1. prior emotion regulation problems 2. poor family relationships 3. risk-taking environment |
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Teenagers thrive when |
they have superior executive functions and can thoughtfully direct their lives, are connected to school, have a mentor or VIP, and life interests such as music |
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adolescence limited turmoil |
antisocial behavior that, for most teens, is specific to adolescence and does not persist into adult life |
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life course difficulties |
antisocial behavior that, for a fraction of adolescents, persist into adult life |
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What are the lessons for society |
1. Don't punish teenagers who break the law in the same ways that adult offenders are punished 2. pass legislation that takes teenage sensitivities into account 3. channel teenage passions in a positive way through high quality youth development programs |
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What is a clique |
a small peer group composed of roughly six teenagers who have similar attitudes and who share activities |
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What is a crowd |
a relatively large teenage peer group |
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What is a gang |
a close-knit, delinquent peer group. Gangs form mainly under conditions of economic deprivation; they offer their members protection from harm and engage in a variety of criminal activities |
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emerging adulthood |
the phase of life that begins after high school, tapers off toward the late twenties, and is devoted to constructing an adult life |
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What is the social clock |
the concept that we regulate our passage through adulthood by an inner timetable that tells us which life activities are appropriate at certain ages |
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Identity vs. role confusion |
identity-Erikson's theory, the life task of deciding who to be as a person in making the transition to adulthood role confusion-Erikson's term for a failure in identity formation, marked by the lack of any sense of a future adult path |
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What are the four identity statuses that Marcia devised |
1. Identity diffusion 2. Identity foreclosure 3. Moratorium 4. Identity achievement |
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What is identity diffusion |
an identity status in which the person is aimless or feels totally blocked, without any adult life path |
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What is identity foreclosure |
identity status in which the person decides on an adult path (often one spelled out by an authority figure) without any thought or active search |
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What is moratorium |
status in which the person actively searches out various possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path. A mature style of constructing an identity |
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What is identity achievement |
status in which the person decides on a definite adult life path after searching out various options |
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ruminative moratorium |
when a young person is unable to decide between different identities, becoming paralyzed and highly anxious |
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Cohabitation |
an arrangement where two people who are not married live together |
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Intimacy |
Erikson's first adult task, involving connecting with a partner in a mutual loving relationship |
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adult attachment styles |
the different ways in which adults relate to romantic partners, based on Mary Ainsworth's infant attachment styles |
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Preoccupied/ambivalent insecure attachment |
an excessively clingy, needy style of relating to loved ones |
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avoidant/dismissive insecure attachment |
a standoffish, excessively disengaged style of relating to loved ones |
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secure attachment |
the genuine intimacy that is ideal in love relationships |
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serial cohabitation |
living sequentially with different partners outside of marriage |
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U-shaped curve of marital satisfaction |
the most common pathway of marital happiness in the west, in which satisfaction is highest at the honeymoon, declines during the child-rearing years, then rises after the children grow up |
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Triangular theory of love |
Robert Sternberg's categorization of love relationships into three facets; passion, intimacy, and commitment. When arranged at the points of a triangle, their combinations describe all the different kinds of adult love relationships |
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What makes marriage work |
-commitment, sanctification, and compassion -social homogamy(similarity in leisure interests and roles) -communal model of love(give without expecting anything in return) -five positives for every negative |
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What are three communication styles that distinguish thriving relationships from those with serious problems |
-happy couples engage in high ratio of positive to negative comments -happy couples don't get personal when they disagree -happy couples are sensitive to their partners need for "space" |
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Who is John Gottman |
studies the "masters" and "disasters" of marriage |
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What is the "four horseman" |
-Criticism-personal attacks, blaming -Defensiveness-feeling victimized, denial of responsibility, making excuses,complaining -Contempt-abuse, insults, name calling, sarcasm -Stonewalling-withdrawal, not responding, shutting the other person out |
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How to stop the four horseman |
-complain without blame -take responsibility -build culture of appreciation -do physiological self-soothing |
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Why do we have a decline in fertility rates |
-stalled progress people are making toward adulthood |
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Transition to parenthood |
-parenthood makes couples less intimate and romantic -produces more traditional marital roles(marital equity conflict) -can bring up conflicts about discipline |
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Gottmans recipe for a strong and loving relationship after a baby |
-realize were all in the same soup -delight in responding to to your baby(touch baby and each other alot) -cool down your conflicts -build a strong friendship and zesty sex life(turn towards each other and not away) -add warm fathering to the mix -create an enriching legacy |
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John Holland |
best known for the career development model |
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What is John Holland's theory |
the key to work happiness is to find my kind of personality-career match by taking a career assessment test |
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What are Hollands six personality work types |
realistic, investigative, artistic, social, entrepreneurial, and conventional |
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What is intrinsic career reward |
work that provides inner fulfillment and allows people to satisfy their needs for creativity, autonomy, and relatedness |
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What is extrinsic career reward |
work that is performed for external reinforcers, such as pay |
