Psychology Test 4

Front 1

developmental psychology

Back 1

study of changes, over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior

Front 2

zygote

Back 2

first cell of a new life

conception to 2 weeks

Front 3

embryo

Back 3

2 weeks to 2 months

developing human

Front 4

fetus

Back 4

2 months to prenatal development

growing human

Front 5

development in the womb

Back 5

union of egg and sperm forms a zygote

zygote develops into an embryo

embryo becomes a fetus

Front 6

teratogens

Back 6

environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus

ex: cigarettes

Front 7

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 7

slight mental retardation, low birth weight, face and head abnormalities, and behavioral/cognitive problems

Front 8

dynamic system theory

Back 8

view that development is a self-organizing process, where new forms of behavior emerge through consistent interactions between a biological being and his or her cultural and environmental contexts

Front 9

synaptic pruning

Back 9

process whereby synaptic connections in the brain are lost if they are not used

"use it or lose it"

Front 10

sensitive periods

Back 10

time periods when specific skills develop most easily

Front 11

attachment

Back 11

strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances

Front 12

secure attachment

Back 12

attachment style for a majority of infants: the infant is confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and is readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress

Front 13

insecure attachment

Back 13

attachment style for the minority of infants: the infant may exhibit insecure attachment through various behaviors, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors

Front 14

avoidant attachment

Back 14

do not get upset or cry at all when the caregiver leaves

Front 15

ambivalent attachment

Back 15

may cry a great deal when the caregiver leaves the room

Front 16

infantile amnesia

Back 16

inability to remember events from early childhood

people generally have difficulty remembering events that occurred before the age of 3 or 4

Front 17

assimilation

Back 17

process by which we place new information into an existing schema

Front 18

accommodation

Back 18

process by which we create a new schema or drastically alter an existing schema to include new information that otherwise would not fit into schema

Front 19

sensorimotor stage

Back 19

1st stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development

infants acquire information about the world through their senses and motor skills

Front 20

object permanence

Back 20

understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

acquired around the age of 9 months

Front 21

preoperational stage

Back 21

2nd stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development

children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearance rather than logic

Front 22

concrete operational stage

Back 22

3rd stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development

children begin to think about and understand logical operations, and they are no longer fooled by apperances

Front 23

formal operational stage

Back 23

Final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development

people can think abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic

Front 24

theory of mind

Back 24

describe the ability to explain and predict another person's behavior as a result of recognizing her or his mental state

Front 25

preconventional level

Back 25

earliest level of moral development

self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral

Front 26

conventional level

Back 26

middle stage of moral development

strict adherence to societal rules and the approval of others determine what is moral

Front 27

postconventional level

Back 27

highest stage of moral development

decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life

Front 28

telegraphic speech

Back 28

tendency for toddlers to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax and convey a wealth of meaning

Front 29

Erikson's 8 stages of human development

Back 29

infancy, toddler, preschool

childhood, adolescence, young adulthood

middle adulthood, old age

Front 30

infancy

Back 30

0-2 years old

trust versus mistrust

Front 31

toddler

Back 31

2-3 years old

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Front 32

preschool

Back 32

4-6 years old

initiative versus guilt

Front 33

childhood

Back 33

7-12 years old

industry versus inferiority

Front 34

adolescence

Back 34

13-19 years old

identity versus role confusion

Front 35

young adulthood

Back 35

20s

intimacy versus isolation

Front 36

middle adulthood

Back 36

30s to 50s

generativity versus stagnation

Front 37

old age

Back 37

60s and beyond

integrity versus despair

Front 38

gender identity

Back 38

personal beliefs about whether one is male or female

Front 39

gender roles

Back 39

characteristics associated with males and females because of cultural influence or learning

Front 40

gender schemas

Back 40

cognitive structures that reflect that perceived appropriateness of male and female characteristics and behaviors

Front 41

egosystem

Back 41

motivated by other people's impression of them

Front 42

ecosystem

Back 42

motivated by interpersonal connections

Front 43

emotion

Back 43

feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs

Front 44

primary emotions

Back 44

emotions that are evolutionary adaptive, shared across cultures, and associated with specific physical states

anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt

Front 45

secondary emotions

Back 45

blends of primary emotions

remorse, guilt, submission, anticipation

Front 46

arousal

Back 46

physiological activation or increased autonomic responses

increased brain activity, heart rate, sweating, muscle tension

Front 47

James Lange Theory

Back 47

emotions lead to physical changes

bodily perception comes before the feeling of emotion

Front 48

Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory

Back 48

Feelings of arousal can be attributed to events in the environment, thereby shaping people's emotions

Front 49

suppression

Back 49

people attempt to not feel or respond to the emotion at all

Front 50

rumination

Back 50

involves thinking about, elaborating, and focusing on undesired thoughts or feelings

Front 51

display rules

Back 51

rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to give situations

Front 52

somatic markers

Back 52

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences

Front 53

need

Back 53

state of biological or social deficiency

Front 54

need hiearchy

Back 54

Maslow's arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs

Front 55

self-actualization

Back 55

state that is achieved when one's personal dreams and aspirations have been attained

Front 56

drive

Back 56

psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need

Front 57

motivation

Back 57

factors that energize, direct, or sustain behavior

Front 58

homeostasis

Back 58

tendency for bodily function to maintain equilibrium

Front 59

incentives

Back 59

external objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors

Front 60

Yerkers-Dodson Law

Back 60

psychological principle that performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, after which it decreases with increasing arousal

Front 61

extrinsic motivatiaon

Back 61

motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed

Front 62

intrinsic motivation

Back 62

motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose

Front 63

hot cognitions into cold cognitions

Back 63

mentally transforming the desired object in to something undesired

Front 64

need to belong theory

Back 64

theory that the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes

Front 65

sexual response cycle

Back 65

four-stage pattern of physiological and psychological responses during sexual activity

Front 66

sexual strategies theory

Back 66

theory that maintains that women and men have evolved distinct mating strategies because they faced different adaptive problems over the course of human history

Front 67

health psychology

Back 67

field that integrates research on health and on psychology; it involves the application of psychological principles to promote health and well-being

Front 68

well-being

Back 68

positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction

Front 69

biopsychosocial model

Back 69

model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

Front 70

placebo effect

Back 70

improvement in health following treatment with a placebo- that is, with a drug or treatment that has no apparent physiological effect on the health condition for which it was prescribed

Front 71

stress

Back 71

patter of behavioral, psychological, and physiological responses to events, when the events match or exceed the organism's ability to respond in healthy way

Front 72

stressor

Back 72

environmental even or stimulus that threatens an organism

Front 73

coping response

Back 73

any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus

Front 74

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Back 74

biological system responsible for the stress response

Front 75

fight-or-flight response

Back 75

physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger

Front 76

tend-and-befriend response

Back 76

females' tendency to protect and care for their offspring and form social alliances rather than flee or fight in response to threat

Front 77

oxytocin

Back 77

hormone that is important for mothers in bonding to newborns and may encourage affiliation during social stress

Front 78

immune system

Back 78

body's mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses

Front 79

general adaptation syndrome

Back 79

a consistent pattern of responses to stress that consists of 3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Front 80

Type A behavior pattern

Back 80

a pattern of behavior characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, impatience with others, and inability to relax

Front 81

Type B behavior pattern

Back 81

a pattern of behavior characterized by noncompetitive, relaxed, easygoing, and accommodating behavior

Front 82

primary appraisals

Back 82

part of the coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant

Front 83

secondary appraisals

Back 83

part of the coping process during which people evaluate their response options and choose coping behaviors

Front 84

emotion-focused coping

Back 84

type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor

Front 85

problem-focused coping

Back 85

type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor

Front 86

body mass index (BMI)

Back 86

ratio of body weight to height, used to minimize obesity

Front 87

anorexia nervosa

Back 87

an eating disorder characterized by an excessive fear of becoming fat and thus a refusal to eat

Front 88

bulimia nervosa

Back 88

an eating disorder characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging

Front 89

buffering hypothesis

Back 89

idea that other people can provide direct emotional support in helping individuals cope with stressful events