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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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highest death rate of any psychiatric illness
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anorexia nervosa
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gender/age most likely to suffer from eating disorders
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young women, age 15-24
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effects of anorexia
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low blood pressure
heart failure kidney & liver damage osteoporosis |
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exercise anorexia
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results from anxiety; burn more calories than what are consumed
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bulimia
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binge eating & purging; relief from distress
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3 theories of motivation
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drive theories
incentive theories Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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drive
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internal state of tension that pushes organism to do things to reduce tension
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homeostasis
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state of physiological balance
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problems w/ drive theories
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can't explain all motivation; sometimes act w/o drives
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incentive
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external goals that has capacity to motivate behavior
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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human motives organized in hierarchy, from most necessary for survival to least necessary; arranged in pyramid w/ most basic needs at bottom & less essential needs at top
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Masters & Johnson (1960)
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1st large systematic study of sexual response; observed volunteers in sexual activity; divided sexual response into 4 states
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Sexual Response Cycle
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Excitement Phase
Plateau Phase Orgasm Phase Resolution Phase |
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Excitement Phase
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sexual arousal begins, escalates rapidly; increased skin sensitivity; increased blood flow to genitals
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males in excitement phase
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have an erection
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females in excitement phase
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clitoris swells & hardens; vaginal lubrication
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Plateau Phase
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sexual arousal very high, continues to build at slower pace; changes from last phase intensify; sex flush for some
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men in plateau phase
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head of penis darkens, testicles drawn up toward body, pre-ejaculate may gather at tip of penis
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women in plateau phase
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orgasmic platform (inner 2/3 of vagina expand, outer 1/3 becomes tighter, clitoris retracts under clitoral hood)
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Orgasm Phase
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sexual arousal/tension reaches peak; series of muscular contractions, mainly in pelvic area
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orgasm for females
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consists of 3-10 contractions of vagina, uterus, & anal area; pleasant sensation felt in clitoris & pelvic area
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orgasm for males
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internal organs contract, force seminal fluid into base of urethra; contractions of penis & urethra force semen out; pleasant sensations felt in penis & pelvic area
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Resolution Phase
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body returns to un-aroused state; takes longer to occur if orgasm doesn't occur
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females in resolution phase
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if stimulation is continued, may have multiple orgasms
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males in resolution phase
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enter refractory period; length of period varies, gets longer w/ age
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refractory period
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time period when another orgasm isn't possible
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men masturbate...
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3 times as often as women
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in choosing mates, men...
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focus on attractiveness & youth
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in choosing mates, women...
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focus on financial success & status
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parental investment
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what each sex must invest to pass on genes
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men's parental investment
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low; best to have lots of partners
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women's parental investment
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high; best to be choosy about partners
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sexual orientation
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direction of one's sexual & romantic attraction
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Kinsey believed that sexual orientation...
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fell on a continuum
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1-10% of population
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homosexual
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Freud's view on sexual orientation
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weak, ineffective dad = overprotective, over-attached mom = gay males
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learning theories
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association b/w sexual arousal & same sex stimuli early in life
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biological theories
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orientation shaped by biological features
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women exposed to higher levels of androgens prenatally
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more likely to be lesbians
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emotion
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complex reaction involving a subjective experience (cognitive), bodily arousal (physical), & overt expression (behavioral)
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James-Lange Theory
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autonomic arousal leads to conscious feeling of emotion; brain interprets different patterns of physiological change as emotions
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example of James-Lange Theory
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see angry dow, start trembling & run away, b/c we're trembling & running away, feel scared
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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stimuli simultaneously trigger conscious feeling & autonomic arousal; see stimuli, message sent to thalamus, thalamus sends message to autonomic NS & cortex at same time
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example of Cannon-Bard Theory
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see angry dog, thalamus activated; feel scared & run away at same time
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Schachter's Two Factor Theory
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use situational cues to determine which emotion we're experiencing; experience physical arousal 1st, then look for cues in environment to explain why; use this info to label physical arousal as an emotion
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example of Schachter's Two Factor Theory
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see angry dog, tremble; look at situation: dog is about to attack; label arousal as fear
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6 facial expressions that are universal
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anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness
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display rules
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norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotion
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facial feedback theory
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sensations from movement of facial muscles are interpreted by brain as different emotions
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personality
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individual's unique collection of consistent behavioral traits
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trait theories
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analyze personality by measuring, identifying, & classifying personality characteristics or traits
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personality trait
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relatively stable & enduring tendency to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
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5 Factor Model (McCrae & Costa)
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all personality traits are derived from 5 basic traits, know as the "big 5"; each one falls on a continuum
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Big 5: OCEAN
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openness to experience
conscientiousness extroversion agreeableness neuroticism |
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personality tests
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tests that attempt to analyze & identify a person's traits; attempts to predict how people will act
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self-report personality inventory
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asks people to answer series of questions about their characteristic behavior
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most widely used self-report personality inventory test
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Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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developed to identify psychological disorders; measures 10 subscales
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newer self-report personality tests
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-16PF test created by Cattell (assess 16 dimensions of personality)
-NEO Personality Inventory (measures the Big 5) |
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social desirability bias
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unconscious desire to present self in most favorable way
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response sets
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tendency to respond to all questions in certain way regardless of what question is asking
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projective tests
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asks people to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that are supposed to reveal their inner needs, feeling, & traits
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examples of projective tests
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the Rorschach inkblot technique
Thematic Apperception Test |
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the Rorschach inkblot technique
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set of 10 inkblots; seeks to identify people's inner feelings/traits by how they describe the blots
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Thematic Apperception Test
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pictures of ambiguous scenes; asked to construct story about what's going on in picture; seeks to test inner feelings/traits based on the stories given
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory
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grand theory that attempts to explain personality, motivation, psychological problems
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Freud divided consciousness into 3 levels
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conscious mind
preconscious mind unconscious mind |
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conscious mind
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consists of everything a person is aware of at a particular time
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preconscious mind
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contains material right below surface of conscious mind that could be easily retrieved
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unconscious mind
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contains thoughts, memories, desires that are below surface of awareness & that we don't have easy access to
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3 parts of personality
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id
ego superego |
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id
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primitive, instinctive part of personality; contains basic biological urges; operates according to pleasure principle; totally unconscious
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part of personality we're born with
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id
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pleasure principle
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immediate gratification of wants & needs
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ego
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realistic, decision-making part of personality; operates according to reality principle; negotiates b/w id & superego; seeks to delay gratification for long range goals; develops during infancy
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reality principle
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delay gratification of id until socially acceptable outlet available
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superego
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moral component of personality that incorporates society's standards about right & wrong; operates according to internalized morals from society; seeks to always do the socially acceptable thing; develops during early childhood
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defense mechanisms
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unconscious process that serves to protect us from unpleasant emotions; most work thru self-deception
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rationalization
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creating false but socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior
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projection
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attributing our undesirable feelings/motives/wants to others
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reaction formation
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acting in a manner opposite of our true feelings
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displacement
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expressing feelings toward someone besides the target person b/c they're perceived as less threatening
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regression
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displaying immature behaviors that have relieved negative feelings in the past
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definition of psychosexual stages of development
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5 developmental periods, each w/ particular sexual focus, that shape adult personality
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fixation
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failure to successfully deal w/ the conflicts, causing person to be stuck & not move forward properly to next stage
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Psychosexual Stages of Development
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Oral Stage
Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage |
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Oral Stage (birth-1)
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erotic stimulation focused on mouth; focus is feeding & weaning
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being fixated at oral stage may mean...
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an excessive desire for oral stimulation
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Anal Stage (2-3 yrs.)
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erotic stimulation is centered on anus & functions of elimination; may get pleasure from either expulsion or retention of feces; conflict in this stage revolves around toilet training
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being fixated at anal stage can result in...
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anal retentive or anal expulsive
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anal retentive
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stinginess, stubbornness, orderliness
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anal expulsive
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messiness, sloppiness, lack of conscientiousness
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Phallic Stage (4-5 yrs.)
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erotic stimulation centered on genitals
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Oedipus Complex
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children experience erotic desire for opposite sex parent, along w/ feelings of guilt & anger at same sex parent; called Electra complex for girls
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Oedipus Complex process
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boys begin to have sexual desire for mother; sees father as rival for her affection & develops hostility toward father; begins to fear that father will punish him for desires
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to cope w/ Oedipus Complex...
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boy must repress feelings for mother & hostility towards father; does this by identifying w/ his father
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failure to cope w/ Oedipus Complex...
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never identifying w/ own gender, leading to problems
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Electra Complex
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penis envy; turns against mom, develops sexual desires for father
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to cope w/ Electra Complex
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identify w/ mom, try to be like her
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failure to cope w/ Electra Complex
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never identifying strongly w/ own gender, leading to problems
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Latency Stage (6-12 or puberty)
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sexual thoughts repressed/dormant; engages in nonsexual activities; developing relationships out side family
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Genital Stage (puberty & up)
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renewed sexual desires focus on genitals again; sexual desire focused outward, toward other people
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If one was successful in earlier stages, they have...
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energy to develop healthy relationships, healthy personality.
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If one developed fixation in earlier stages, they have...
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hard time w/ relationships, personality problems.
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criticisms of Freud
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not testable or falsifiable
inadequate evidence sexism |
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stress
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any circumstance that threatens your well-being or taxes your resources
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4 categories of stress
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frustration
conflict change pressure |
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frustration
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occurs when pursuit of a goal is thwarted; you want something but can't have it
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conflict
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occurs when you have 2 or more incompatible needs; levels of internal conflicts are positively correlated w/ anxiety, depression, physical symptoms
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3 categories of conflict
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approach-approach
avoidance-avoidance approach-avoidance |
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approach-approach
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choosing between desirable goals
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avoidance-avoidance
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choosing between undesirable goals
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approach-avoidance
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strong desire to approach & avoid the same goal
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change
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noticeable alterations in your living circumstances that require adjustment
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Holmes & Rahe
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"all change, whether positive or negative, is stressful"
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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
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measures stress by assigning value to 43 life events; higher SRRS score correlated w/ vulnerability to physical/mental illnesses
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pressure
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involves expectations or demands that you behave in a certain way
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Selye
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"physical response to stress nonspecific"
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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describes body's reaction to stress as consisting of 3 stages
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3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
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Alarm Stage
Stage of Resistance Stage of Exhaustion |
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Alarm Stage
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1st reaction to stress; prepare to cope w/ immediate stressor; fight-or-flight response activated
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Stage of Resistance
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reaction to continued stress; body attempts to adjust; physiological responses level off at high level
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Stage of Exhaustion
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reaction to long-term, continuous stress; depletion of body's resources; weakening of immune system
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