Psychology Test 3

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Personality

Back 1

The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person

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Psychodynamic approaches to personality

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approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control

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Psychoanalytic theory

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freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determininants of personality

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Unconscious

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A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware

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Id

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The raw unorganized unborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses

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ego

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the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world

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superego

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according to freud the final personality structure to develop; it represents the right and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers and other important figures

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Psychosexual stages

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Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges

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Fixations

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conflicts of concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

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Oral stage

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according to freud, a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months in which an infants center of pleasure is the mouth

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Anal stage

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according to freud, a stage from age 12 o 18 months to 3 years of age in which a child's pleasure is centered on the anus

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Phallic stage

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according to freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals

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Oedipal conflict

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a child's sexual interest in his or her opposite sex parent typically resolved through identification with the same sex parent

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Identification

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The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values

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Latency period

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according to freud the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children's sexual concerns are temporarily put aside

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Genital stage

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according to freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior

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Defense mechanisms

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in feudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves and others

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repression

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the primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious

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Neo-freudian psychoanalysts

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psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points

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Collective unconscious

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according to carl jung, a common set of ideas feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even nonhuman ancestors from the distant past

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Archetypes

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According to Jung, universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object or experiece (good and evil)

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Inferiority complex

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According to alfred alder a problem affecting adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world

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trait theory

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a model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality

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traits

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consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations

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Social cognitive approaches to personality

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theories that emphasize the influence of a person's cognitions, thoughts, feelings expectations, and values - as well as observation of others' behavior, in determining personality

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self-efficacy

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belief in one's personal capabilities self-efficacy underlies people's faith in their ability to carry out a particular behavior or produce a desired outcome

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Self esteem

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the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations

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Biological and evolution Approaches to personality

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theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited

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Temperament

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The innate disposition that emerges early in life

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Humanistic approaches to personality

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theories that emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning

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Self-actualization

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a state of self fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in his or own unique way

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unconditional positive regard

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an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer no matter what a person says or does

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Psycholocical tests

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Standard measures derives to assess behavior objectively; used by psychologist to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves

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self-report measures

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a method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior

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minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2

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a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors

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test standardization

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a technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnosis

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projective personality test

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a test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it

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Rorschach test

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a test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures represent to them

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Thematic apperception test (TAT)

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a test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story

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Behavioral assessment

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direct measures of an individuals behavior used to describe personality characteristics

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Health Psychology

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branch of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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the study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain

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Stress

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A person's response to events that are threatening or challenging

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Cataclysmic Events

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Strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting many people at once

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Personal Stressors

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Major Life events such as the death of a family member, that have immediate consequences that generally fade with time

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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A phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors feel long lasting effects that may include re experiencing the event with vivid flashbacks or dreams

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Background stressors ("daily hassles")

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everyday annoyances such as being stuck in traffic, may cause minor irritations and may have long term ill effects if hey continue or are compounded by other stressful events

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Psychophysiological Disorders

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Medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties

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General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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A theory developed by Hans Selye that suggests that a person's response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion

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Coping

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The efforts to control, reduce or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress

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Learned Helplessness

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a state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled - a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances, even if they actually can exert some influence

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Hardiness

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A personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress related illness, consisting of three components: commitment, challenge, and control

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Social support

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A mutual network of caring, interested others

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Type A Behavior

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a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven

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Type B Behavior

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A cluster of behaviors characterized by a patient cooperative noncompetitve and non aggressive manner

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Reactance

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A negative emotional and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of one's freedom and that can be associated with medical regimens

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Subjective well-being

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People's own evaluation of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions

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Developmental Psychology

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the branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life

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Nature- Nurture Issue

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issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior

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Identical twins

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twins who are genetically identical

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Cross-sectional research

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A research method that compares people of different ages at the same point of view

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Longitudinal Research

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a research method that investigates behavior as participants age

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sequential research

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a research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of diff age groups and examining them at several points in time

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Chromosomes

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Rod shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information

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Genes

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the parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted

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Zygote

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the new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm

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Embryo

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A developed zygote that has a heart a brain and other organs

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Fetus

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a developing individual from eight weeks after conception until birth

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Age viability

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The point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely

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Teratogens

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Environmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produce a birth defect

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Neonate

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A newborn child

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Reflexes

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unlearned involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

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Habituation

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the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus

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attachment

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the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

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authoritarian parents

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rents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children

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permissive parents

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rents who give their kids relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although warm, require little of them

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authoritative parents

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rents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them

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Uninvolved parents

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rents who show little interest in their children and r emotionally detached

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authorative rents

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rents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain

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temperament

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basic innate disposition

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psychosocial development

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development of individuals interactions and understanding of eachother and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society

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trust vs mistrust stage

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according to erikson the first stage of psychosocial dev occurs from birth to 1.5 yrs devlop feelings of trust or lack of trust

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autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

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pd toddlers 1.5 to 3 devlop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encourage or shame and self doubt if they are restricted and over protected

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initiative vs guilt stage

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ages 3-6 experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action

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industry vs inferiority

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6-12 may develope positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable

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cognitive devlopmenta

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process by which a child's understanding of the world change as a function of age and experience

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sensorimotor stage

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according to piaget the stage from birth to 2 years, child has little competence in representing the enviromnent by using images language or other symbols

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object permanence

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awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of site

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preoperational stage

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piaget 2-7 yrs of age characterized by language dev

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egocentric thought

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a way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective

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principle of conservation

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the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of object

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concrete operational stage

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piaget 7-12 age characterized by logical thought and loss of egocentrism

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formal operational stage

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according to piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought

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information processing

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the way in which people take in, use, and store information

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metacognition

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an awareness and understanding of one's own cognitive processes

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zone of proximal development

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according to vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own

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Adolesence

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dev o stage between childhood and adulthod

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puberty

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period at which maturation of sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys

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Identiy vs role confusion

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erikson time in adolsence of major testing to determine one's unique qualities

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identity

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the distinguishing character of the individual who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of

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intimacy vs isolation

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erikson a period during early adulthood that focuses on devloping close relationship

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generativity vs stagnation

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erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society

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ego integrity vs despair stage

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from late adulthood till death which we review life's acomplishments and failures

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menopause

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period during women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile

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genetic preprogramming theories of aging

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theories that suggest that human cells have a built in time limit to their reproduction, and that after a certain time they are no longer able to divide

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wear and tear theories of aging

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theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently

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alzheimers disease

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a progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

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disengagement theory of aging

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a theory that suggests that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical psychological and social levels

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activity theory of aging

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a theory that suggests that the elderly who are most successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age

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life review

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process by which ppl examine and evaluate their lives