Psychology Test #3

Front 1

Language

Back 1

words communicated (through various means) to which we attach meaning and symbols

Front 2

Productive Language

Back 2

forming actual language

Front 3

Receptive Language

Back 3

observation and understanding of language

Front 4

Stages of Language:
"Babbling"

Back 4

beginning at about 4 mths. the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Front 5

Stages of LAnguage:
"Two word"

Back 5

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Front 6

How do we learn language?
Skinner believed...

Back 6

through observation, association, imitation, reinforcement

Front 7

How do we learn language?
Noam Chomsky believed..

Back 7

naturally inclined to linguistic communication
universal grammar
not like skinner's view "I hate you daddy"

Front 8

Newest research suggests we have an innate language, if were never taught we will..

Back 8

develop our own

Front 9

Language imitation means..

Back 9

imitate sounds, expressions, words, phrases, emotional reactions

Front 10

When is best to learn a language?

Back 10

earlier the better

Front 11

When is the critical period of learning language?

Back 11

before age 2, must be exposed to language before age 7

Front 12

adults have difficulty learning a new language because?

Back 12

Neuralplasticity

Front 13

Neuralplasticity

Back 13

learn to form and make pathways (language ares)

Front 14

Intelligence

Back 14

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Front 15

Is intelligence going up in society in general?

Back 15

Yes

Front 16

general intelligence "g" was brought up by whom?

Back 16

Charles Spearman

Front 17

general intelligence "g":

Back 17

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Front 18

savant syndrome

Back 18

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental abilities has an exceptional specific skill

Front 19

Mental Retardation

Back 19

mild (50-70)
moderate (35-50)
severe (20-35)
profound (below 20)

Front 20

What does spearman's "g" tell us?

Back 20

a broad view of mentality, but it does not see skill in athletics, computers, communication, street smarts, etc.

Front 21

Gardner's 8 Intelligences

Back 21

1. Linguistic
2. Logical/Mathematical
3. Musical
4. Spacial
5. Bodily/Kinesthetic
6. Intrapersonal-a self-awareness
7. Interpersonal-awareness, involving other people
8. Naturalistic

Front 22

Sternberg's Triarchic theory:

Back 22

analytical intelligence
creative intelligence
practical intelligence

Front 23

analytical intelligence

Back 23

academic problem solving (standardized tests)

Front 24

creative intelligence

Back 24

innovative problem solving (microsoft job questions)

Front 25

practical intelligence

Back 25

real life problem solving skills (multiple solutions) -situationally defined

Front 26

Social intelligence

Back 26

the know how involved in comprehending social situations & managing oneself successfully (aspergers syndrome)

Front 27

Emotional Quotient (EQ)
emotional intelligence

Back 27

in relation to self and others
-percieve emotions
-understand emotions
-manage emotions
-use emotions

Front 28

creativity*

Back 28

ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Front 29

The 5 components of creativity

Back 29

1. Expertise
2. Imaginative thinking skills
3. a venturesome personality
4. intrinsic motivation
5. a creative environment

Front 30

Normal curve(bell shaped)

Back 30

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. most scores fall near the average and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Front 31

confirmation bias

Back 31

a tendency to serach for information that confirms one's preconceptions

Front 32

fixation

Back 32

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving

Front 33

functional fixedness

Back 33

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Front 34

representative heuristics

Back 34

judgements based on how well they fit our prototypes
*what our preconceived notions are
*stereotypes
*assumptions
(ex. which has more calories? snickers, muffin, coffee)

Front 35

Availability Heuristics

Back 35

make quick decisions based on mentally available info.
the faster something comes to mind, the more likely you are to believe its valid

Front 36

priming

Back 36

the unconcious activation of associations and predispositions which might influence memory or responses

Front 37

framing

Back 37

the way an issue is presented that might affect decisions and judgements
(ex. 1 in 5 sounds worse than 20%)

Front 38

overconfidence

Back 38

the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements

Front 39

Belief perserverance phenomenon

Back 39

clinging to one's beliefs even when its disproved or discredited

Front 40

intuition

Back 40

immediate percieved insight w/out observation or reason

Front 41

attention phenomena

Back 41

media's ability to direct our attention
large #'s and dramatic instances capture our attention to provoke fear response or outcry

Front 42

concept

Back 42

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people

Front 43

fallacies in thinking:

Back 43

hasty generalization, strawman, loaded question, misplace authority, red haring, attacking person, casual, bandwagon

Front 44

marketers assume the audience is..

Back 44

an idiot

Front 45

norm of reciprocity

Back 45

more willing to comply after recieving a favor or concession

Front 46

Door in the face

Back 46

form of reciprocity; extreme request that is always rejected followed by original intent (girl scout cookies)

Front 47

Thats not all folks

Back 47

better deal.. more products...

Front 48

social validation

Back 48

using beliefs, attitudes, and actions of others as a standard of comparison against which to evaluate the correctness of their own beliefs and attitudes
"everybody is doing it"

Front 49

list technique

Back 49

only asked to comply after shown a list of similar others who do
the longer the list the greater the effect (bandwagon)

Front 50

foot-in-the-door

Back 50

ask a small request that WILL be accepted
then follow up with larger request
people are more willing to comply with requests that are consistent with a percieved position or belief

Front 51

bait & switch

Back 51

works with consistency & commitment
advertise to get attention/commitment
advertised product low quality
other similar product available (going fast)

Front 52

low ball

Back 52

obtain a commitment then change the deal

Front 53

the common enemy is..

Back 53

"my manager says.."

Front 54

social influence

Back 54

friendships & liking
(more likely to comply with requests from those who are like us)
ex. tupperware parties

Front 55

Physical attractiveness

Back 55

tend to believe they are more talented, kind, honest, smart
they're generally given lighter sentences

Front 56

Similarity

Back 56

we like those who are similar to us
salesmen try to "match" our posture, mood, verbal style
more likely to help someone who dresses like us

Front 57

Scarcity Rule

Back 57

opportunities seem more valuable when they are less available

Front 58

Psychological Reactance

Back 58

we want what we shouldn't have
items difficult to possess are "better" than those that are easy
-we lose freedoms, we hate that!

Front 59

"salting the tip jar"

Back 59

putting $ in beforehand

Front 60

4 Most Powerful Reciprocity's

Back 60

Door-in the Face
Social Validation
Attractiveness& Similarity
Scarcity Rule

Front 61

Attribution Theory

Back 61

suggests how we explain someon's behavior-by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

Front 62

Situational Attribution

Back 62

ex. assuming a child's hositility is a reaction to stress or abuse at home

Front 63

Dispostional Attribution

Back 63

ex. assuming a child's hostility is a relection of their aggressive personality

Front 64

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 64

happens by overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of situations
Ex. assuming Sally is grouchy because shes a mean person instead of the fact that she may have gotten little sleep the night before,etc.
*Holds true even if we know its planned/situational ex. actors

Front 65

Attitudes can effect actions and..

Back 65

actions can effect attitudes, so
*fake it until you make it

Front 66

Role Playing affecting attitudes

Back 66

uniforms- police, military, bishop even

Front 67

Specific social roles have specific expectiations..

Back 67

Ex. first week of new job, marriage, school, etc.

Front 68

Zimbardo prison study

Back 68

randomly assigned people as inmates and gaurds
supposed to last 2 weeks but cut short because the roles consumed their personalities

Front 69

cognitive dissonance theory

Back 69

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Ex. when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Front 70

How powerful is conformity?

Back 70

*Asch study (the line test)
-- even though they enjoyed the company of others agreeing with them they said it had no impact on their individual answers -ya right!

Front 71

Chameleon effect

Back 71

unconciously mimicking others expressions, posture, voice

Front 72

Group pressure

Back 72

real v. imagined
avoid rejection, social punishment, gain approval

Front 73

How do we make people conform?

Back 73

*feeling incompetent/insecure
*group of 3 or more
*a unanimous group
*group of higher status
*no prior commitment to a response
*others observe the behavior

Front 74

Why do we conform?

Back 74

Normative Social influence
"desire to gain approval"
Informational social influence
"willingness to accept another's opinion or reality"

Front 75

Normative Social Influence

Back 75

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Front 76

Informational Social Influence

Back 76

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Front 77

Obedience Study..

Back 77

Milgram

Front 78

Milgram's obedience study..

Back 78

one is the teacher, ones the "student" . its a set up to see under what conditions people will be obedient
65% obeyed to the end

Front 79

social facilitation

Back 79

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in teh presence of others
competition=increase (larger families eat faster)

Front 80

Social Loafing

Back 80

tendency to exert less effort when working in group then you would on your own

Front 81

Deindividuation

Back 81

the loss of self-awareness & self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
*abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group, occurs when people feel excited and anonymous

Front 82

Group Polarization

Back 82

tendency for a group of similar thinking to enhance prevailing inclinations thru discussion within the group

Front 83

Groupthink

Back 83

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
*desire to maintain harmony in group
*overconfidence, conformity, polarization