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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Having emotion is ___, describing and ____ emotion is difficult
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easy, understanding
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emotion
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a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physciological activity
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transitory
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emotions have beginnings and ends
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valence
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positive or negative
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arousal
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intensity
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alters though processes
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it changes the way we think about the world, directs our attention
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elicits action tendency
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motivates us to behave in a certain way (fear drives a responsive retreat)
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passions, usually without will
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we have some control (way we interpret things) but generally not things that we cause in ourselves through thinking
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cognitive appraisal
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how we think about a situation can affect our emotional response
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emotion communicated largely by the ___
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face
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___ muscles in the face, ___ are influential in facial expression
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80, 3 dozen
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if no facial expression then no ____
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emotion
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___ -> Darwin -> ____
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universal emotions...monkeys and humans
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_____->universal emotional expression
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paul ekman
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can tell you are lying (3)
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symmetry, duration, temporal patterning
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symmetry (lying)
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real expression is symmetrical
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duration (lying)
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real expression between .5 and 5 seconds long
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temporal patterning (lying)
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sincere expressions appear smoothly, fake are abrupt
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3 theories of emotion and bear examples
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James-Lange theory of emotion (1st run away then feel fear)
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion (simultaneously feel fear + run away at the same time) James-Lange (emotion becomes conscious when the brain notices specific bodily changes (bear, gut, fear, run) |
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facial feedback hypothesis
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feeling involuntary facial movements should be enough to drive an emotional experience (pencil smiling/frowning example)
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pencil smiling/frowning example
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facial feedback hypothesis
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empathy
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should be able to tell what others are feeling by mimicking the others facial expressions
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James Lange theory criticisms by Walter Cannon (4)
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-bodily changes can be eliminated without disturbing emotions
-feedback from physiological changes are similar for different emotions -some emotions dont have bodily change -artificially inducing arousal does not lead to "emotion" |
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Cannon Bard theory
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CNS-brain perceives emotion first
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Schacter-Singer (cognitive appraisal theory) (3)
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-emotions are cognitive interpretations of bodily changes
-nonspecific arousal -attribution process of identifying the cause of some event |
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Movie when 4 given excess caffeine 2 told they werent 2 told they were, those that didnt know miserable those that new comfy, example of what?
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attribution, cognitive appraisal theory
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our emotions occur by a _____ of feedback from ____ sources and our ____ interpretation of the situation
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combination, peripheral, cognitive
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attributions
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are important, many of our physiological responses are similar, so why we think our bodily responses occurred (what do we think the causes are) have a lot to do with our emotional experience
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if we attribute an experience to a non-emotional source our emotional experiences will be ___
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lessened
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Fear goggles under what theory
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cognitive appraisal
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fear goggles
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all male participants, bridge/crossing questions, pretty female or male....lab version is shocks
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histrionic personality disorder
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very susceptible to suggestion
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Parkinson vs manstead...is experiencesing actual arousal needed?
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males viewed nudes, heard beats....rates nudes more attractive after hearing hearbeat
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controlling emotion (3)
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-psychopharmacology
-therapy -motivation |
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motivation
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factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity, persistence, of behavior (drives
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motive
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reason or purpose that provides an explanation for behaviors
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why study motivation (3)
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-understand variability in performance (beyond ability/intelligence)
-assign responsibility (was it persons motive or intention) -explain perseverance (why ppl persevere in face of adversary?) |
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4 sources of motivation
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biological, emotional, cognitive, social
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biological
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needs for food water warmth
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emotional
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our emotions may motivate us to act a certain way (fear excitement)
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cognitive
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perceptions and expectation affect our behavior
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social
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we get info from the poeple around us about behavior, we also may want to affect the behavior of others
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theory of motivation (4)
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instinct, drive-reduction, arousal, incentive
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instinct (theory of motivation)
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behavior driven by unlearned genetically encoded behavior patterns (+) human reflexes present at birth (-) doesnt explain learned bheavior
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instincts
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automatic involuntary unlearned behaviors that respond to some stimuli
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instinct theory
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eventually psychology said that everything we did was an instinct: to like pepporoni: it appears that some aspects of motivation are innate but in general this theory isnt the whole picture
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homeostasis
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tendency for oganisms to keep physiological systesm at equilibrium -if out of balance, need is created
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drive
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psychological feeling of arousal that prompts an organism to take actoin...we respon do drives (hunger) and we strive to reduce these drives and restore balance
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primary drives
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stem from biological needs, unlearned
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secondary drives
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learned, once we learn them, act like primary drives
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circle of drive reduction theory
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unbalance equil---->need >(biol)--->drive(psychological)------>action to satisfy need and reduce drive ----->equilibrium---->something happens---->unbalance equilibrium
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arousal theory (3)
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-ppl are motivated to behave in ways to maintain their optimal level of arousal
-optimal arousal enhances perfromances -other levels of arousal hinder performances |
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arousal
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general level of activation reflected in the state of several psychological systems
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arousal and performance
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people can tolerate high lives of arousal on easy tasks but not on difficult ones
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does optimal level of arousal differ from person to person?
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yes
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incentive theory (2)
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-ppl act to attain positive incentives and to avoid negative ones
-environmental external stimuli can motivate behavior |
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external things ____ our behavior
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motivate
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want to chill but ___ to go to work
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motivated
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bottom to top maslows need hieracrhy
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physiological, safety, belonging & love, esteem, self-actualization
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physiological
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food, oxygen, water, basic needs
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safety
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money caregiver
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belonging and love
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acceptance, social outlets, affection
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esteem
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being respected
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self-actualization
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becoming all that you are capable of
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Social (5 pts)
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-intimacy
-definitions and meanings -attributions -conformity -altruism |
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what is social psychology?
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-an attempt to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, implied presence of others-gordon allport
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Autokinetic effect
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sherif, 1935, the chart
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lewins magic formula explain
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B=f(P,E)
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A fundamental mistake we all make is that we ___ the power of the social situation
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underestimate
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board game---wall street vs community
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yeah
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the power of the situation overwhelms ___ the ppl are
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who
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attributions what did we talk about in the classroom
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waitress and classmate
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Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
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tendencey (that many people have) to make too many internal attributions for other people's behaviors....waitress and late classmate example
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Actor-Observe Difference
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-Tendencey to see other people's behavior as dispositionally caused but focusing more ont he situation to explain our own behavior
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Example actor-observer difference
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writing to a column
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conformity
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change in a person's behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people
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Asch experiment
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the difference sized lines experiment
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obedience to authority
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would you obey an explicit request, even if they disagree with that request?
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example of obedience to authority test
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milgrams classic obedience study (shock treatment)
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How do we treat the nonconformist? example of the johnny rocco study!
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-deviant, slider, compliant
-deviant in group recieved most comment from others to convince him until he wouldn't change -deviant ignored at the end and rejected -slide was most liked |
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eichmann defense and the study
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"just following orders"....stanford prison study
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altruism example he gave in class
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do you come and help him? toilet paper stuck in his pants
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bystander effect (3 pts)
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as the number of people increases the chances of any one person helping decreases
-diffusion of responsibiltiy -evaluation of apprehension |
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4 things of decision making (chart)
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-percieve a need
-take personal responsibility -weighting the costs and benefits -deciding how to help |
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sternberg's triangle
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intimacy at top then around, companionate love, commitement, empty relationship, attraction, infatuation, passion lpove..in the middle consummate love
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as time goes on (infatuation and intensity)
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passionate love decreases and companionate love increases
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attraction (3 pts)
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-like symmetrical features
-look familiar -look like us |
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proximity
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how close to us they are?
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cheap behaviors of love
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-saying i love you and verbal affection
-physical expressions of love (hugging) -material signs of love (presents) |
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expensive behaviors of love
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-communicating nonverbally
-verbal self-disclosure -nonmaterial love (interest, respect) -willingness to tolerate other and sacrifice for relationship |
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3 thigns people feel when they are in love
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-trouble concentrating
-feeling giddy and carefree -sense of well being |
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personality
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an individuals characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling
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each ___ just like each ____ theory is different and puts a different emphasis on what is important
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person, personality
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psychodynamic (3)
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-childhood experiences
-uncosncious motives -sexual instincts |
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humanistic (3)
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-conscious awareness
-the self -subjective feelings |
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cognitive
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-interpretations of experience
-organization of reality -expectations |
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trait
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-temperament
-abilities -enduring characterisitcs |
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learning
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-external environment
-rewards and punishments -observable behavior |
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approaches (5) and other (1)
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-psychodynamic, humanistic, social cognitive, trait, learning
-self |
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measurements of personality the 2 traditions
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projective and objective
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projective measurement of personality
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-a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individuals personality
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objective measurement of personality
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-series of clear stimuli (usually items) designed to asses a particular personality feature
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sentence completion tests.............my mom...
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1) is sweet
2) the apple of my eye..... |
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sensation seeking scale (3)
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-try anything once
-do "crazy" things just for fun -enjoy getting into new situations where don't predict outcome |
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projective vs. objective
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1)go with objective
2) objective has the potential to be more reliable and valid 3) making a reliable and valid measure of personality is difficult, whether it is projective or objective (but objective is slightly easier) |
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can you make a projective item more or less ambiguous
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yes
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turning to apporaches, youll notice certain ones have preferences for certain types of measure ( ____ vs. ____)
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projective vs. objective
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psychodanymic definition and 3 pts
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personality is formed by needs, striving and desires largely operating outside of awareness-motives that can produce emotional disorder
-sigmund freud -constant struggle between desired to meet biological needs and realities of living -unconscious process influence behavior |
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psychodynamic personality structures
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id
ego superego |
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id
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inborn, unconscious instincts, pleasure principle...creepy red guy
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ego
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in charge of the personality reality principle
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superego
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internalized rules of society morality principle "devil and angel on shoulder" the professor looking guy in the video
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defense mechanisms name one and get it
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reaction formation or represssion or regression
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reaction formation
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-a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatning inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of the opposite
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example reaciton fromation
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homophobia
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psychodynamic personality tests (3 projective test)
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-thematic apperception test (TAT)
-house-tree-person test (HTP) -Rorschach Test |
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TAT
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fill this in
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HTP
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fill this in
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ROrschach
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-the "what do you see" are they valid reliable? not really
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projective tests
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-not well-validated test or personality, can measure 1) psychotic features 2) depression
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importance of freud's work (2 pts)
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-unconscious
-importance of childhood/early experiences |
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abraham maslow
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humanistic approach
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humanistic approach
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emphasized is positive, optimistic view of human nature that highlights people ineherent goodness and their potential for personal growth...ppl have innate desire for self actualization
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conditions for growth towards self-actualization (3)
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-unconditional positive regard
-accurate empathy -love, warmth, trust |
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social cognitive approach
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views perosnality in terms of how the person thinks about that situations encountered in daily life and behaves in responses to them
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personal constructs
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dimensions ppl use in making sense of their experiences...examples how might these shape behavior
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person-situation controversy
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the question of whether-bheavior is caused more by personality or by situation factors B=F(P,E)
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personal Goals and expectancies
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the life stories (narratives) we tell ourselves DAN McAdams
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Trait Approach
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traits relatively stable dispositions that lead one to behave in a particular and consistent way
-language holds the entirety of these traits |
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Trait Big Five Theory (5)
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-neuroticism
-extraversion -openness -agreeableness -conscientiousness |
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conscientiousness
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organized.....disorganized
careful.......careless self-disciplined.......weak minded |
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agreeableness
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sofhearted.......ruthless
trusting......suspicious helpful......uncooperative |
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neuroticism
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worried.......calm
insecure.......secure self-pitying.......self-satisfied |
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openness (to experience)
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imaginative.....down-to-earth
variety......routien independent........conforming |
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extraversion
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social......
fun-loving.....sober affectionate.... |
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Trait:circumplex
-eysenck's traits |
emotional, extraverted, stable, introverted
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leary's complex
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dominant, warm, submissive, cold
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Other structured personality tests
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-minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) Hathaway, McKinley
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Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Inventory
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personality inventory (NEO P) costa mc crea
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NEO
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-designed to measure the Big Five
-openness to experience -conscientiousness -extraversion -agreeableness -neuroticism |
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Hypochondriosis
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concern with bodily symptoms
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depression
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depressive symptom
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hysteria
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awareness of problems and vulnerability
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psychopathic deviate
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conflict, struggle, agner, respect for society's rules
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masculinity/feminity
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stereotypical masculine or feminine interest/behaviors
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paranoa
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level of trust suspisciousness sensitiviety
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psychasthenia
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worry, anxiety, phobia, obsessiveness
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schizophrenia
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odd thinking and social alienation
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hypomania
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level of excitablitiy
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social introversion
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people orientation
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learning (3)
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-external environment
-rewards and punishment -observable behavior |
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learning approach
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a view of personality that focuses on the external contingencies that contributed to the development of a person
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personality change and dementia
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alois alzheimers describes the initial signs of DAT for the first time
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Personality Change and 4
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memory, psychaitric/person, funcitonal, neurologicla
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The self
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personality in the mirror, the "i" the self who thinks experience and acts in the world. it is the self as "knower"
-the "me" the self who is an object in the world; the self as "known" |
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self concept
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related to the "me" a person's explicit knowledge of his/her own behaviors, traits and other personal characteristics
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self-esteem
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the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
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