Psychology Test 2 Chapter 4

Front 1

Differentiate between consciousness and attention

Back 1

consciousness- awareness about selves and environment
attention- STATE OF awarenessa bout selves and environment

Front 2

What controls circadian rhythms?

Back 2

internal and external stimuli

Front 3

What are zeitgebers?

Back 3

environmental cues that reset circadian rhythms to 24 hours

Front 4

Explain the internal regulation of the sleep/wake cycle

Back 4

controlled by SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei). balls of neurons above optic nerves that are part of the hypothalamus. visual info reaches SCN. pinneal gland produces melatonin. more light = less melatonin. less light = more melatonin. melatonin facilitates sleep.

Front 5

What are the 2 current sleep theories and explain the differences.

Back 5

1. restorative theory- your body needs the rest after long day at work.
2.adaptive theory- our body forces us to conserve energy

Front 6

What are the 5 symptoms of sleep deprivation?

Back 6

1. irritability
2. difficulty concentrating
3. dizziness
4. muscle tremors
5. hallucinations

Front 7

With regards to sleep deprivation, what 2 pieces of information are extremely important?

Back 7

1. symptoms worsen with progressive deprivation
2. sleep deprivation can cause death

Front 8

What is a yoked control group?

Back 8

for every experimental subject, there is an exact corresponding control subject that receives the same exact treatment, minus the variable

Front 9

What types of sleep belong to alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves?

Back 9

alpha- presleep
beta- awake
theta- stage 1-2, REM
delta- stages 3-4

Front 10

Characteristics of Stage 1 sleep

Back 10

desynchronized neural activity
theta waves

Front 11

Characteristics of Stage 2 sleep

Back 11

desynchronized neural activity
theta waves
sleep spindles
K complexes

Front 12

Characteristics of Stage 3 sleep

Back 12

synchronized neural activity
delta waves
very similar to stage 4

Front 13

Describe a theta wave

Back 13

low amplitude

Front 14

Describe a delta wave

Back 14

low frequency, high amplitude

Front 15

Characteristics of Stage 4 sleep

Back 15

synchronized neural activity
delta waves
decrease in physiological activity
lasts 45 minutes
very similar to stage 3

Front 16

Chracteristics of REM sleep

Back 16

theta waves
associated with dreaming
90 min cycles
all mammals
plays additional role in emotional stress, long-term memories, creativity, etc.

Front 17

what is hypnosis?

Back 17

systematic procedure to induce state of heightened suggestibility

Front 18

explain tolerance.

Back 18

decreased sensitivity to a drug by repeated administration. higher dose needed for desired effect. not for all effects @ same rate

Front 19

explain cross-tolerance

Back 19

the repeated administration of 1 drug leads to tolerance of other drugs. eg. heroin develops cross-tolerance to painkillers

Front 20

explain withdrawal.

Back 20

physical illness with symptoms resulting from stopping drug use. indicates physical dependence. symptoms opposite of drug's initial effect. due to compensatory responses to drugs

Front 21

differentiate between difference types of drug dependence.

Back 21

physical dependence is characterized by withdrawal. crazing is psychological.

Front 22

what are compensatory responses?

Back 22

drugs puts your body out of equilibrium. your body automatically has compensatory responses. that's why the absence of drugs causes withdrawal.

Front 23

what is the positive incentive theory?

Back 23

the primary reason for drug addiction is pleasure-producting properties.

Front 24

explain disinhibition

Back 24

result of 1-3 drinks
areas of brain that normally inhibit behabior are themselves inhibitted
motor coordination, reaction time, reflexes, and personal judgment affected
drink is oblivious

Front 25

what is the cocktail party phenomenon?

Back 25

ability to attend selectively to one person's speech amidst competing conversation.
evidence of divided attention

Front 26

Explain Freud's three levels of awareness.

Back 26

1. conscious sensation, thoughts, feelings
2. preconscious material- easy to bring to mind, but out of awareness
3. unconscious reservoir of material- suppressed from awareness

Front 27

What's Freud's theory of dreaming?

Back 27

everyone has unconscious sexual and aggressive urges to satisfy, which they do whily sleeping

Front 28

What are the 2 types of dream content, according to Freud?

Back 28

1. manifest content- the dream remembered in the morning
2. latent content- the underlying thoughts, urges, conflicts, needs

Front 29

What's the mere exposure effect?

Back 29

the more often you see a simulus, the more you like it, regardless of awareness

Front 30

Explain priming

Back 30

tendency for recently presented words/concepts to facilitate responses in a subsequent situation. motivations and emotions are subject to influence w/o awareness

Front 31

What is blindsight?

Back 31

damage to the visual cortex. the optic nerve fibers from eyes are still connected to regions producing visual information. result = conscious blindness, but unconscious visual perceptions

Front 32

What is the Stroop effect?

Back 32

highly practiced activities can actually inhibit other activities. named for Stroop and the stroop color test.

Front 33

What 2 pieces of evidence support the notion that REM is biologically adaptive?

Back 33

1. all mammals have REM sleep
2. amount of REM sleep is greatest in early life when the most development occurs

Front 34

What is lucid dreaming?

Back 34

dreaming and knowing you're in a dream. you can even sometimes control content and outcome of dreams.

Front 35

What is the activation synthesis theory?

Back 35

theory of dreams.
presented by Hobson and McCarley.
random neural signals firing in brainstem spread to cortex (activation)
brain draws on past experiences in memory.
result = images to make sense of random signals (dream... synthesis)

Front 36

Describe the significance of the dream studies of Brown and colleagues.

Back 36

PET scans.
limbic regions highly active (motivations and emotions)
frontal loves inactive (attention, planning logic)
explains why dreams are illogical.

Front 37

What is narcolepsy?

Back 37

sleep seizures. people randomly fall asleep during the day with no control over it.

Front 38

what is sleep apnea?

Back 38

people stop breathing while sleeping, causing them to wake up. this deprives them of much needed REM sleep.

Front 39

what is REM sleep behabior disorder (RBD)?

Back 39

skeletal muscles don't become paralyzed during REM sleep. people act out nightmares, which is dangerous.

Front 40

What is hypnotic suceptibility and what is an important characteristic?

Back 40

a person's responsivenss to hypnosis and it varies from person to person

Front 41

explain hypermnesia

Back 41

highly focused and relaxed state of mind produced by hypnosis that enhances memory

Front 42

what is dissociation?

Back 42

division of consciousness into 2 or more parts that operate independently and are separated by an "amnesic barrier"

Front 43

What are barbiturates and benzodiazepines examples of?

Back 43

sedatives.

Front 44

What are amphetamines?

Back 44

synthetic stimulants.