Psychology Test 2 Cards

Front 1

In what part of memory does nearly all information stop?

Back 1

Sensory

Front 2

What happens to items in short-term memory that are not encoded?

Back 2

They are forgotten

Front 3

Visual sensory memory is called _______ memory.

Back 3

Iconic

Front 4

Compared to iconic memory, echoic memory lasts...?

Back 4

Longer

Front 5

Why is it harder to remember a phone number with a new area code?

Back 5

Because of capacity limits of short-term memory

Front 6

George Miller is credited with discovering what characteristic of short term memory?

Back 6

Capacity limits

Front 7

Which of the following will help overcome the capacity limits of short-term memory?

Back 7

Chunking

Front 8

Which of the following moves information into long-term memory?

Back 8

Encoding

Front 9

What hormones was used in McGaugh's study on hormones and memory?

Back 9

Epinephrine

Front 10

In general, emotional memories are remembered ________ than non-emotional memories

Back 10

better

Front 11

McGaugh's study in humans found that blocking emotion hormones led to:

Back 11

worse memory

Front 12

Remembering the plot of a movie is probably due to:

Back 12

automatic encoding

Front 13

Why do you forget a new phone number as soon as you've dialed it?

Back 13

You probably used maintenance rehearsal

Front 14

Levels of processing theory says that how you ___________ is the most important factor in remembering.

Back 14

encode information

Front 15

According to the textbook, ________ is the ability to retain information over time through the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving.

Back 15

memory

Front 16

The three processes of memory are:

Back 16

encode, store, retrieve

Front 17

"I've encoded the material and I've stored it. I just can't seem to remember it." This case best describes a problem with:

Back 17

retrieval

Front 18

Iconic memory is a form of sensory memory which holds:

Back 18

visual information

Front 19

Repeating information over and over so that it does not fade from short- term memory is called ________ rehearsal.

Back 19

maintenance

Front 20

Alice tells Lana that the combination to her mailbox is 38-24-36. Lana repeats the numbers over and over to herself so that she doesn't forget them. Lana's behavior is an example of:

Back 20

maintenance rehearsal

Front 21

f you combine separate items of information into large units and then remember these larger units rather than individual items, you are using:

Back 21

chunking

Front 22

You are being introduced to several people in your first job interview: Ted, Julie, Benito, Dewayne, Frank, and Andy. Based on the primacy effect, whose name are you most likely to remember?

Back 22

Ted, The primacy effect refers to better recall of information presented at the beginning of a list.

Front 23

On a chemistry final, Dr. Curie asks Marie to describe the properties of nitrous oxide. Marie will likely retrieve the information from ________ memory.

Back 23

semantic

Front 24

On their twenty-fifth anniversary, Carol tells her husband, Charles, "You know, dear, I remember our first kiss very well." In remembering their first kiss, Carol is retrieving information from ________ memory.

Back 24

episodic

Front 25

When you are in the library, you can probably remember what your classroom looks like. You encoded the classroom without any awareness; this is called ________ encoding.

Back 25

automatic

Front 26

When the mind pushes some traumatic memory into the unconscious only to stay there until it is released, ________ is said to have taken place.

Back 26

repression

Front 27

Janel, a college student, can look at a stimulus and then be able to recall later a sharp, vivid, and detailed visual image of the stimulus. Janel's extraordinary memory is called:

Back 27

photographic memory

Front 28

Andre remembers clearly that he was playing ping-pong in his basement when he heard that John Kennedy had just been assassinated. This is an example of:

Back 28

flashbulb memory

Front 29

True or False? The processes of memory are encoding, storing, and retrieving.

Back 29

True

Front 30

True or False? Sensory memory holds information for up to 30 seconds.

Back 30

False

Front 31

True or False? Iconic memory holds visual information.

Back 31

True

Front 32

True or False? Echoic memory refers to memory about motor skills.

Back 32

False

Front 33

True or False? Chunking occurs when information blocks other information in memory.

Back 33

False

Front 34

True or False? Semantic and episodic memories are examples of declarative memory.

Back 34

True

Front 35

True or False? The case of H. M. illustrates the difference between declarative and procedural memories.

Back 35

True

Front 36

True or False? Hormones released during emotional events decrease the accuracy of memories of the events.

Back 36

False

Front 37

True or False? How information is encoded affects how well the information is retrieved.

Back 37

True

Front 38

Items last in short term memory for:

Back 38

2-30 seconds

Front 39

In order for information to move from sensory to short-term memory, which must occur?

Back 39

attention

Front 40

Items last in long-term memory for:

Back 40

an indefinite time

Front 41

Early research on iconic memory showed what effect of delay on recognizing letters?

Back 41

delay reduces iconic memory

Front 42

According to Gomes et al., as children grow:

Back 42

echoic memory increases

Front 43

The world doesn't go black when we blink because of:

Back 43

iconic memory

Front 44

Describe the duration and capacity for short term memory.

Back 44

limited duration; limited capacity

Front 45

What brain region is thought to regulate short-term memory?

Back 45

prefrontal cortex

Front 46

On a long list of words, would people tend to remember the beginning or the end of the list?

Back 46

both of these

Front 47

Although long-term memory has an unlimited capacity, we cannot always find a memory. This is due to failure of:

Back 47

retrieval

Front 48

The transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory without any effort and usually without any awareness.

Back 48

automatic encoding

Front 49

Combining separate items of information into a larger unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of information rather than individual items. A technique of memory enhancement.

Back 49

chunking

Front 50

Memories of facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events. We are aware of these kinds of memories and can retrieve them.

Back 50

declarative memory

Front 51

A form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 or 2 seconds.

Back 51

echoic memory

Front 52

The transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory either by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or by making associations between new and old information.

Back 52

effortful encoding

Front 53

The ability to examine a picture or page for 10–30 seconds and then retain a detailed visual image of the material for several minutes. Eidetic memory is found in a small percentage of children and almost always disappears around adolescence.

Back 53

eidetic imagery

Front 54

Making meaningful associations between information to be learned and information already learned. An effective strategy for encoding information into long-term memory.

Back 54

elaborative rehearsal

Front 55

Placing or storing information—such as images, events, or sounds (music, noise, speech)—in memory by making mental representations.

Back 55

encoding

Front 56

A type of declarative memory, consisting of knowledge about one's personal experiences (episodes) or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants, movies, songs, habits, or hobbies.

Back 56

episodic memory

Front 57

Vivid recollections, usually in great detail, of dramatic or emotionally charged incidents, which are encoded effortlessly and may last for long periods of time.

Back 57

flash bulb memories

Front 58

A graph measuring the amount of previously learned information that subjects can recall or recognize across time.

Back 58

forgetting curve

Front 59

A form of sensory memory that holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more. (The word icon means "image.")

Back 59

iconic memory

Front 60

The forgetting process in which the recall of some particular memory is blocked or prevented by new information that overwrites or interferes with it. See also proactive interference and retroactive interference.

Back 60

interference

Front 61

The theory that memory depends on how well information is encoded in the mind. Information is encoded at a shallow level if we simply pay attention to its basic features but is encoded at a deep level if we form new associations with existing information. According to the theory, poor memory corresponds to information encoded at a shallow level, and good memory to information encoded at deep levels.

Back 61

levels-of-processing theory

Front 62

The process that can store almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time.

Back 62

long-term memory

Front 63

The practice of intentionally repeating or rehearsing information (rather than forming any new associations) so that it remains longer in short-term memory.

Back 63

maintenance rehearsal

Front 64

The ability to retain information over time through the processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving. Memories are not copies but representations of the world that vary in accuracy and are subject to error and bias.

Back 64

memory

Front 65

The ability to form sharp, detailed visual images after examining a picture or page for a short period of time and to recall the entire image at a later date. Photographic memory is similar to eidetic imagery but occurs in adults.

Back 65

photographic memory

Front 66

Better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the beginning of a task.

Back 66

primacy effect

Front 67

Better recall of information presented at the beginning and end of a task.

Back 67

primacy-recency effect

Front 68

Memories of performing motor or perceptual tasks (playing sports), carrying out habitual behaviors (brushing teeth), and responding to stimuli because of classical conditioning (fearing spiders). We cannot retrieve these memories and are not conscious of them.

Back 68

procedural memory

Front 69

Better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the end of a task.

Back 69

recency effect

Front 70

According to Freud, a mental process that automatically hides emotionally threatening or anxiety-producing information in the unconscious. Repressed information cannot be retrieved voluntarily, but something may cause it to be released and to reenter the person's consciousness at a later time.

Back 70

repression

Front 71

The process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short-term or long-term storage.

Back 71

retrieving

Front 72

A type of declarative memory consisting of factual knowledge about the world, concepts, word definitions, and language rules.

Back 72

semantic memory

Front 73

An initial memory process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds.

Back 73

sensory memory

Front 74

A process that can hold a limited amount of information—an average of seven items—for a short time (2–30 seconds), which can be lengthened if you rehearse the information. Sometimes called working memory.

Back 74

short-term memory

Front 75

The process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall.

Back 75

storing

Front 76

__________ theory says that memories are stored in nodes.

Back 76

Network

Front 77

According to network theory, information is linked together by:

Back 77

associations

Front 78

Some networks assume that information is stored in a network hierarchy. According to these, which of the following would be at the highest level of the network?

Back 78

structures

Front 79

What type of memory seems to be obtained earlier than the others?

Back 79

visual patterns

Front 80

Describe the decline of the forgetting curve.

Back 80

sharp decline followed by a slow decline

Front 81

It is hard to remember where one parks at the end of the week because of:

Back 81

interference

Front 82

People remember grades for classes in which they do well better than classes in which they do poorly because of:

Back 82

distortion

Front 83

What is most important for transferring memories?

Back 83

hippocampus

Front 84

What is most important for holding short-term memories?

Back 84

cortex

Front 85

Placing your grocery list visually at routes to the store is an example of which mnemonic?

Back 85

method of loci

Front 86

Both the peg method and the method of loci:

Back 86

place new information with familiar information

Front 87

Memory loss that may occur after damage to the brain (temporary or permanent), following drug use, or after severe psychological stress.

Back 87

amnesia

Front 88

A structure in the limbic system that is located in the tip of the temporal lobe and is involved in forming, recognizing, and remembering emotional experiences and facial expressions.

Back 88

amygdala

Front 89

A technique for questioning eyewitnesses and others by having them imagine and reconstruct the details of an event, report everything they remember without holding anything back, and narrate the event from different viewpoints.

Back 89

cognitive interview

Front 90

A thin layer of cells that essentially covers the entire surface of the forebrain. The cortex consists of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, whose control centers allow us to carry out hundreds of cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions.

Back 90

cortex

Front 91

Recollection or recognition of a suspect observed during a possibly disruptive emotional situation that may have interfered with accurate remembering.

Back 91

eyewitness testimony

Front 92

Inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory.

Back 92

forgetting

Front 93

A curved structure within the temporal lobe that is involved in transforming many kinds of fleeting memories into permanent storage. It forms part of the limbic system.

Back 93

hippocampus

Front 94

The forgetting process in which the recall of some particular memory is blocked or prevented by new information that overwrites or interferes with it. See also proactive interference and retroactive interference.

Back 94

interference

Front 95

The process that can store almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time.

Back 95

long-term memory

Front 96

The increased sensitivity of a neuron to stimulation after it has been repeatedly stimulated. Neuroscientists believe that the LTP process may be the basis for learning and memory in animals and humans.

Back 96

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Front 97

A mnemonic device, or encoding technique, that improves encoding by creating visual associations between memorized places and new items to be memorized.

Back 97

method of loci

Front 98

Very effective ways to improve encoding and create better retrieval cues by forming vivid associations or images, which facilitate recall and decrease forgetting.

Back 98

mnemonic methods

Front 99

In the network theory of memory, the arrangement of nodes or categories so that concrete ideas are at the bottom of the hierarchy and are connected to more abstract ideas located above them. The most abstract ideas are at the top of the hierarchy.

Back 99

network hierarchy

Front 100

The theory that we store related ideas in separate memory categories, or files, called nodes. As we make associations between information, we create links among thousands of nodes, which make up a gigantic interconnected network for storing and retrieving information.

Back 100

network theory

Front 101

Groups of interconnected neurons whose activation allows information or stimuli to be recognized and held briefly and temporarily in short-term memory.

Back 101

neural assemblies

Front 102

Memory files that contain related information organized around a specific topic or category.

Back 102

nodes

Front 103

A mnemonic device, or encoding technique, that creates associations between number-word rhymes and items to be memorized.

Back 103

peg method

Front 104

A forgetting process in which information that we learned earlier blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related information that was learned later.

Back 104

proactive interference

Front 105

Retrieval of previously learned information without the aid of or with very few external cues.

Back 105

recall

Front 106

The identification of previously learned information with the help of external cues.

Back 106

recognition

Front 107

According to Freud, a mental process that automatically hides emotionally threatening or anxiety-producing information in the unconscious. Repressed information cannot be retrieved voluntarily, but something may cause it to be released and to reenter the person's consciousness at a later time.

Back 107

repression

Front 108

Mental reminders that we create by forming vivid mental images of information or associating new information with information that we already know. Forgetting can result from not taking the time to create effective retrieval cues.

Back 108

retrieval cues

Front 109

A forgetting process in which information that we learned later blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related information that was learned earlier.

Back 109

retroactive interference

Front 110

A process that can hold a limited amount of information—an average of seven items—for a short time (2–30 seconds), which can be lengthened if you rehearse the information. Sometimes called working memory.

Back 110

short-term memory

Front 111

A memory error that results when a person has difficulty in deciding which of two or more sources a memory came from: Was the source something the person saw or imagined, or was it a suggestion?

Back 111

source misattribution

Front 112

The idea that we recall information more easily when we are in the same physiological or emotional state or setting as when we originally encoded the information.

Back 112

state-dependent learning

Front 113

The situation in which, despite making a great effort, we are temporarily unable to recall information that we absolutely know is in our memory.

Back 113

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Front 114

The retrieval of previously learned information without the assistance of external cues is called:

Back 114

recall

Front 115

A network is made up of:

Back 115

thousands of interconnected nodes

Front 116

Bryce attended his 25th high school reunion. As he was driving to the reunion, he tried to remember the names of some of his classmates. This is called ________; at the reunion he could remember his classmates when he saw their faces. This is called ________.

Back 116

recall; recognition

Front 117

The inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory is called:

Back 117

forgetting

Front 118

Damage to the brain caused by blows to the head or a concussion may cause loss of memories and results in:

Back 118

amnesia

Front 119

"I've moved so many times in the last five years, I get confused trying to remember all my phone numbers. I don't have any problems remembering my current phone number, but all the others are hard to remember." This most clearly illustrates:

Back 119

interference

Front 120

An anthropology professor prides herself in her ability to remember the names of her students, past and present. However, she finds that the longer she is in the profession, the harder it becomes to remember the names of present students, because they become confused with her past students. The professor is having trouble because of:

Back 120

proactive interference

Front 121

"I know all of my students' names this semester. But I would have a hard time remembering many of the names from past semesters." This illustrates:

Back 121

retroactive interference

Front 122

Mary uses numerous different colors when she takes notes in her psychology class. If she has difficulty with a question on an exam, she finds it helpful to remember the color of the notes relevant to the question. For Mary, the color of the notes acts as a:

Back 122

retrieval cue

Front 123

Allison is learning Spanish, but she hates it. When she is in her Spanish classes, she is always unhappy. The phenomenon of state-dependent learning would suggest that she would show better recall of Spanish words if she:

Back 123

was in an unhappy mood

Front 124

What area of the brain appears to be most related to memory functioning?

Back 124

hippocampus

Front 125

Methods that help encode and recall information through associations and images are called:

Back 125

mnemonics

Front 126

What is the mnemonic called that used associations between number-word rhymes and the items to be memorized?

Back 126

peg method

Front 127

A technique for creating visual associations between memorized places and items to be memorized is called:

Back 127

the method of loci

Front 128

We tend to better recognize faces of our own race rather than faces of other races. This is called:

Back 128

own-race bias

Front 129

True or False? Multiple choice tests require recognition.

Back 129

True

Front 130

True or False? Ebbinghaus found that the forgetting curve for nonsense syllables was rapid at first.

Back 130

True

Front 131

True or False? In proactive interference, new memories are interfering with old memories.

Back 131

False

Front 132

True or False? Retroactive interference involves interference that goes from new to old.

Back 132

True

Front 133

True or False? It is easier to remember information if you are in the same emotional state as when you originally encoded that information.

Back 133

True

Front 134

True or False? LTP changes the structure and function of neurons.

Back 134

True

Front 135

True or False? The method of loci creates associations between number-word rhymes.

Back 135

False

Front 136

True or False? Culture appears to have no effect on the encoding and recall of information.

Back 136

False

Front 137

True or False? Eyewitness testimony is accurate and reliable.

Back 137

False

Front 138

True or False? The more confident an eyewitness is, the more accurate their memory.

Back 138

False

Front 139

According to network theory, a specific memory is located in a(n):

Back 139

node

Front 140

The forgetting curve was first described by:

Back 140

Ebbinghaus

Front 141

Bahrick's work on long-term retention of high-school classmates shows that:

Back 141

recall, but not recognition, declines with time

Front 142

If one forgets due to a memory being locked in the unconscious, what kind of forgetting has occurred?

Back 142

repression

Front 143

Which of the following is forgetting due to brain damage?

Back 143

amnesia

Front 144

It is harder to remember a classmates' name in the mall because of:

Back 144

poor retrieval cues

Front 145

Which of the following is most important for emotional memories?

Back 145

amygdala

Front 146

Damage to the hippocampus would likely result in a deficit in:

Back 146

long term memory

Front 147

The cortex stores:

Back 147

long and short term memory

Front 148

Which of the following is a difference between the peg method and the method of loci?

Back 148

the method of loci can use many different routes while the peg method uses the same basic pegs

Front 149

The method of loci and the peg method are especially useful for long lists in which __________ is (are) important.

Back 149

order