Psychology Test 2

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Relatively permanent behavior brought by an experience

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

(Pavlov) A tye of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings that response

Front 3

Neutral stimulus

Back 3

stimulus that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest

Front 4

Unconditioned stimulus

Back 4

a stimulus that naturally brings about a response without being learned

Front 5

Unconditioned Response

Back 5

a response that is natural and needs no training

Front 6

Conditioned stimulus

Back 6

a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus

Front 7

Conditioned response

Back 7

a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus

Front 8

Extinction

Back 8

basic pheneomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disapears

Front 9

Spontaneous recovery

Back 9

the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning

Front 10

Stimulus generalization

Back 10

occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is ismilar to the original conditioned stimulus the more similar the two stimuli are the more likely generalization is to occur

Front 11

stimulus discrimination

Back 11

the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli

Front 12

Operant conditioning

Back 12

learning in which a voluntary response is stengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

Front 13

skinner

Back 13

famous operant conditioning psychologist

Front 14

Reinforcement

Back 14

the process that by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

Front 15

Reinforcer

Back 15

any stimulus that increases the propability that a preceding behavior will occur again

Front 16

Positive reinforcer

Back 16

stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response

Front 17

negative reinforcer

Back 17

an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future

Front 18

Punishment

Back 18

a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previos behvaiour will occur again

Front 19

Schedulues of reinforcement

Back 19

different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

Front 20

continuous reinforcement schedule

Back 20

reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs

Front 21

Partial reinforcement schedule

Back 21

reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time

Front 22

Fixed ratio schedule

Back 22

a schedule by which reinforcement is givin only after a specific number of responses are made

Front 23

Variable ratio schedule

Back 23

a schedule by which reinforcements occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a fixed variable

Front 24

Fixed interval schedule

Back 24

a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overrall rates of response relatively low

Front 25

Variable interval schedule

Back 25

a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies aroound some average rather than being fixed

Front 26

Shaping

Back 26

process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and close approximations of the desired behavior

Front 27

Behavior modification

Back 27

a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

Front 28

Cognitive learning theory

Back 28

an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning

Front 29

Latent learning

Back 29

learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

Front 30

observational learning

Back 30

Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model (ABLERT BANDURA)

Front 31

Consciousness

Back 31

The awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment

Front 32

Stage 1 sleep

Back 32

The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep characterized by relatively rapid low amplitude brain waves

Front 33

Stage 2 sleep

Back 33

A deeper sleep than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles"

Front 34

Stage 3 Sleep

Back 34

Sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep

Front 35

Stage 4 sleep

Back 35

The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation

Front 36

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Back 36

sleep occupying 20 percent of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate, erections (in males) eye movements, and the experience of dreaming

Front 37

Unconscious wish fulfillment theory

Back 37

Sigmund freuds theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled

Front 38

Latent content of dreams

Back 38

According to freud, the disguised meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects

Front 39

Manifest content of dreams

Back 39

According to freud the apprent story line of dreams

Front 40

dreams for survival theory

Back 40

the theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprrocessed during sleep

Front 41

Activation synthesis theory

Back 41

Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain

Front 42

Circadian rhythms

Back 42

Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a twenty-four-hour cycle

Front 43

Daydreams

Back 43

Fantasies that people construct while awake

Front 44

Insomnia

Back 44

Difficulty sleeping

Front 45

Narcolepsy

Back 45

Uncontrollable need to sleep during the day

Front 46

sleep apnea

Back 46

Makes breathing difficult while sleeping

Front 47

Hypnosis

Back 47

A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others

Front 48

Meditation

Back 48

A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness

Front 49

Psychoactive drugs

Back 49

Drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior

Front 50

Addictive drugs

Back 50

drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible

Front 51

stimulants

Back 51

drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension

Front 52

Depressants

Back 52

Drugs that slow down the nervous system

Front 53

Narcotics

Back 53

Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety

Front 54

Hallucinogen

Back 54

A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations or changes in the perceptual process

Front 55

fuck

Back 55

yeah