Psychology Test 2

Front 1

The frequency of sound waves is responsible for which aspect of our hearing?

Back 1

Pitch

Front 2

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the ear?

Back 2

Parts of the ear: Outer (pinna, canal, eardrum), Middle (ossicles: hammer, anvil, stirrup), Inner (cochlea, basilar membrane, vestibular system)

Front 3

We identify the location of a source of sound by attending to the

Back 3

interaural time/intensity differences

monaural and binaural differences

Front 4

Elephants have specially adapted auditory systems that allow them to hear sounds coming from miles away. How is this possible?

Back 4

Elephants can hear lower frequency sounds - these travel further

Front 5

Self-recognitionin a mirror is limited to what species?

Back 5

Children 18+ months, some animal species

Front 6

Based on EEG records, it appears that sleep can be divided into ________ phases.

Back 6

5

Front 7

Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep?

Back 7

delta waves

Front 8

A friend has a big exam tomorrow; what's the best advice you can offer?

Back 8

Get a good night's sleep

Front 9

The theory that suggests dreams are the mind's attempts to make sense of random neural activity occurring in the brain during sleep is the:

Back 9

Activation Synthesis Model

Front 10

A neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response. The neutral stimulus now evokes the same response. This is due to:

Back 10

Classical Conditioning

Front 11

Your friend's mother was always baking ginger-flavored cookies whenever you were at their house. You loved those cookies, and would eat several each time you visited. One day, you noticed that you started to salivate as you walked up the front steps to the house, before you smelled the cookies. The reason for this is that the house has become a(n):

Back 11

Conditioned Stimulus

Front 12

You are conditioning an elephant to startle at the sound of a trombone. Every time you play the trombone, you show the elephant a mouse, which startles the elephant.Eventually the elephant startles at just the sound of the trombone. However,after playing the trombone 10 more times, without a mouse appearing, the elephant exhibits no response. The result is an example of:

Back 12

extinction

Front 13

The “positive” in positive reinforcement and positive punishment means that:

Back 13

something is added, either to increase or decrease likelihood of repeated behavior

Front 14

A teenager swears at the dinner table, and as a result, her parents take away her iPod for one week. The teenager is now much less likely to swear at the dinner table,illustrating:

Back 14

negative punishment

Front 15

A college instructor implements the following attendance policy. All students are given 20 bonus points at the start of the semester. Each absence will result in the loss of 5 bonus points. The instructor hopes this policy will ________absences.

Back 15

decrease

Front 16

In operant conditioning, presenting reinforcement at fixed time periods (provided that the appropriate response is made) is called a:

Back 16

fixed interval

Front 17

Sam gets a free pretzel using his Pretzel Smorgasbord card with every 10th pretzel he buys. This arrangement is an example of a(n) ________ schedule.

Back 17

fixed ratio reinforcement

Front 18

In one of his experiments, Skinner put several pigeons in Skinner boxes, set the food dispenser to deliver food every 15 seconds, and left the birds to their own devices. Later, he returned and found the birds engaging in odd, idiosyncratic behaviors, such as pecking aimlessly in a corner or turning in circles. Skinner referred to these behaviors as:

Back 18

Superstitious

Front 19

Tammy looks at two complex objects and after 2 seconds answers correctly that one object could be rotated to match the other one. It would have to be rotated 30 degrees. Now she is given a similar problem except that the object would have to be rotated 60 degrees. How long will it take her to get the correct answer?

Back 19

4 seconds

Front 20

Movie directors discovered that they can film different parts of the same scene on different days, and most viewers would not detect that the extras (background actors) had changed clothes or appearance. Psychologists call this failure to notice suchdifferences

Back 20

change blindness

Front 21

A"heuristic" is a

Back 21

cognitive shortcut

Front 22

A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects is also known as:

Back 22

concepts

Front 23

Simon is meek, tidy, quiet, and overly concerned with order and detail. When given the choice of guessing if Simon works at the library or at the hospital, most people guess the library, even though the hospital employs more people. The guess that Simon works at the library is due to:

Back 23

representative heuristic

Front 24

The process of organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation is called:

Back 24

perception

Front 25

The light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball is called the:

Back 25

retina

Front 26

In a person who is myopic (nearsighted), images are focused:

Back 26

in front of the retina

Front 27

One of a group of photoreceptors that detect color, operate in daylight, and permit us to focus on fine detail is called a(n):

Back 27

cones

Front 28

Staring too long at one color fatigues the cones that respond to that color, producing a form of sensory adaptation resulting in a:

Back 28

opponent processing, color after-image

Front 29

When your heart flutters at the sight of big blue eyes, you are reacting to the:

Back 29

Dilation of the pupil

Front 30

The “blind spot” is so called because it:

Back 30

no photoreceptors

Front 31

Sound-wave frequency is to pitch as amplitude is to:

Back 31

loudness

Front 32

The structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid is the:

Back 32

basilar membrane

Front 33

With normal aging, the ability to hear:

Back 33

Decreases; Due to conductive hearing loss

Front 34

As light passes through the eye it is focused by the _______, which always focuses light in the same way, and the_______, which is flexible and enables focusing on objects at different distances by varying its thickness.

Back 34

Cornea; Lens

Front 35

It is hard to perceive color when the light is dim, because vision in dim light depends on:

Back 35

rods

Front 36

Sound waves are transferred by three tiny bones to a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure called the

Back 36

cochlea

Front 37

Suppose someone were born with a basilar membrane that was equally wide and stiff from one end to the other.Which aspect of hearing would be most impaired?

Back 37

pitch

Front 38

Why is it difficult to tell whether a sound is coming from straight ahead of you or straight behind?

Back 38

Stimulates the left ear and right ear the same

Front 39

You have decided to learn how to play the piano. You take intense lessons, every day. What stage of sleep will you most likely spend more time in during this time?

Back 39

REM

Front 40

In the absence of clocks, miner strapped underground for several weeks probably will adopt a rest-activity cycle that is ________ hours in length.

Back 40

25

Front 41

The brain waves associated with the first stage of sleep are called:

Back 41

theta

Front 42

About what percentage of people awakened during REM sleep will report that they have been dreaming?

Back 42

80%

Front 43

In the middle of an engaging conversation, your friend suddenly falls over asleep. When he awakens, he informs you that this has happened on several occasions. Your friend probably has a disorder known as:

Back 43

narcolepsy

Front 44

Which of the following would a behaviorist be least likely to study?

Back 44

human thought process/mental processes

Front 45

A speck of dirt that gets into your eye will naturally cause a blinking reflex. The speck of dirt is a(n):

Back 45

unconditioned stimulus

Front 46

A nursing mother puts her baby to the breast as soon as she hears it cry. After a few days, her milk begins to flow as soon as the baby cries. In terms of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response?

Back 46

lactation

Front 47

Positive reinforcers ________ and negative reinforcers ________ the future probability of the behavior that led to these respective consequences.

Back 47

increase; increase

Front 48

When something undesirable has been removed upon the occurrence of a behavior, and as a result that behavior is strengthened, ________ has happened.

Back 48

negative reinforcement

Front 49

A shy and timid child works up the courage to raise his hand to answer a question. The teacher calls on him and the child delivers an excellent answer. The teacher exclaims, “That is the best answer I have heard all week! Great job! Come up to the front of the room to get a sticker!” His behavior of answering questions was:

Back 49

positive reinforcement

Front 50

What is one major flaw of punishment?

Back 50

Does not promote learning the desired behavior

Front 51

Students who do relatively little work until just before an upcoming exam and then engage in a burst of studying are displaying a response pattern similar to the one engendered by a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Back 51

fixed interval

Front 52

Jeremy goes to crowded parties and approaches women with a cheesy pick-up line designed to get their phone numbers. Jeremy never knows which women will fall for his cheesy line, but he does know that if he asks enough women, it's quite probable that he will get a phone number. Jeremy's behavior is being reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Back 52

variable ratio

Front 53

In the classic Bobo doll experiment, after watching adults get punished for hitting the Bobo doll, children:

Back 53

less likely to intimidate; tendency weakened

Front 54

Suppose your task is to find the onesquirrel in a photo with other animals. If finding the squirrel depends on a PREATTENTIVE process, then

Back 54

You will find it just as fast among many animals as you would if there were only a few

Front 55

You are given five bottles of clearfluid, and you are asked to find the combination that can be mixed to create ayellow fluid. You label the bottles A through E and proceed to try combinations AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, and so forth until you have tried every possible combination. Your solution to this problem makes use of

Back 55

algorithm

Front 56

With insight problems, people are unable to describe how they came up with the solution.If Jackie's prototype of science is physics, she would be most likely to exclude ________ from her category of science.

Back 56

something unrelated to physics

Front 57

The process of converting physical signals from the environment into neural signals sent to the central nervous system is called:

Back 57

transduction

Front 58

Which is the correct sequence of eye parts that light passes through on its way to the brain?

Back 58

Cornea -> Pupils -> Lens -> Retina

Front 59

The process by which the lens changes shape to produce a clear image on the retina is called:

Back 59

accommodation

Front 60

LASIK surgery works by physically reshaping the:

Back 60

cornea

Front 61

Color deficiency (also called color blindness) is a result of a disorder in which:

Back 61

One pigment is missing, and the brain cannot calculate the difference

Front 62

The length of a light wave determines its:

Back 62

Color in the spectrum

Front 63

Vision is clearest when an object is projected onto the:

Back 63

fovea

Front 64

As the number of cycles per second of a sound wave increases, we experience a ________ sound.

Back 64

Higher frequency - lower wavelength and higher pitch

Front 65

Which of the following sequences lists the parts of the human ear in the order in which sound waves travel through them from the environment?

Back 65

pinna -> auditory canal -> eardrum -> ossicles -> cochlea -> auditory nerve -> brain

Front 66

The fluid-filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction is the:

Back 66

Cochlea

Front 67

What makes the electromagnetic radiation from 400 nm to 700 nm visible?

Back 67

Our visual receptors are adapted to that length

Front 68

Why can you see fine detail better if you look straight at an object than if you look out of the corner of your eye?

Back 68

The fovea is a small indentation/pit in the central retina specialized for fine visual discrimination. So we focus objects better at the center of our retina, not out the corners of the eye

Front 69

If you are trying to see an extremely faint star, what would be a good way to make it easier to see?

Back 69

Do not look directly at it, look from the side of your eye (rods)

Front 70

Some animals can actually be taught some aspects of language. What can they NOT grasp, however?

Back 70

syntax

Front 71

The sentence "Never threaten someone with a chain saw" can mean at least two very different things.This sentence has one ______ and at least two ______.

Back 71

Surface structure; deep structures

Front 72

Edgar suffers a stroke on the left side of his brain and as a result has a condition characterized by difficulties understanding grammatical devices. This condition is known as _______ aphasia.

Back 72

Wernick's

Front 73

Between the ages of 1 ½ and 7,children learn the meanings of approximately how many words per day?

Back 73

9

Front 74

Noam Chomsky has called the rules that we learn for making and interpreting sentences ______ grammar.

Back 74

Transformational

Front 75

With insight problems, people are unable to describe how they came up with the solution.

Back 75

True