Psychology Test 2

Front 1

Axons

Back 1

Fibers that carry signals away from the cell body.

Front 2

Dendrites

Back 2

Fibers that receive signals from axon of other neuron.

Front 3

Synapse

Back 3

The gap between neurons(axon and dendrite)

Front 4

Action potential

Back 4

Abrupt electrochemical change in an axon caused by depolarization on cell.

Front 5

Myelin Sheath

Back 5

Fatty substance wrapped around some axons. Speeds up action potential.

Front 6

Refractory period

Back 6

Time between firing when the membrane becomes repolarized.

Front 7

Neurotransmitters

Back 7

Chemical messengers that move across the synapse. Stored in vesicles at tips of axon. They create postsynaptic potential.

Front 8

Excitatory Postsynaptic potential

Back 8

Depolarization of the postsynaptic cell.

Front 9

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Back 9

Hyperpolarization of postsynaptic cell.

Front 10

Divisions of the nervous system.....?

Back 10

Peripheral NS, Autonomic NS

Front 11

Refractory period

Back 11

Time between firing when the membrane becomes repolarized.

Front 12

Neurotransmitters

Back 12

Chemical messengers that move across the synapse. Stored in vesicles at tips of axon. They create postsynaptic potential.

Front 13

Excitatory Postsynaptic potential

Back 13

Depolarization of the postsynaptic cell.

Front 14

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Back 14

Hyperpolarization of postsynaptic cell.

Front 15

Divisions of the nervous system.....?

Back 15

Peripheral NS, Autonomic NS

Front 16

Divisions of the Peripheral NS.....?

Back 16

Somatic NS, Autonomic NS

Front 17

The Somatic NS does what?

Back 17

Transmits info from senses to the CNS and carries signals from CNS to muscles

Front 18

The Autonomic NS does what?

Back 18

Carries messages between CNS and organs and glands.

Front 19

Coding...

Back 19

The translation of the physical properties of a stimulus into a pattern of neural activity that specifically identifies those physical properties.

Front 20

Doctrine of specific nerve energies.

Back 20

Stimulation of a specific nerve provides codes for that one sense, no matter how the stimulation takes place.

Front 21

What are the two types of codes?

Back 21

Temporal and Spatial

Front 22

Temporal code is...

Back 22

Attributes of a stimulus are coded using changes in the timing of neural firing.

Front 23

Spatial Code is when....

Back 23

Attributes of a stimulus are coded in terms of the location of firing neurons relative to their neighbors.

Front 24

Light intensity refers to....

Back 24

How much energy the light contains. This determines brightness

Front 25

Light wavelength refers to...

Back 25

The distance between peaks in light waves

Front 26

Trichromatic theory of color vision

Back 26

Any color can be produced by mixing pure versions of blue, green, and red in different ratios. There are three types of cones, each sensitive to particular wavelengths

Front 27

Opponent-Process theory of color vision.

Back 27

Visual elements sensitive to color are grouped into three pairs. The membranes of each pair oppose each other. The pairs are red-green, blue-yellow, white-black. Explains the phenomenon of complimentary colors.

Front 28

Hue

Back 28

The essential color determined by the dominant wavelength in the mixture of the light.

Front 29

Saturation

Back 29

The purity of the color.

Front 30

Brightness

Back 30

The overall intensity of the wavelengths making up the light.

Front 31

Place Theory

Back 31

Hair cells at a particular place on the basilar membrane respond most to a particular frequency or sound.(Describes a spatial code for frequency). Cannot explain very low frequencies.

Front 32

Frequency matching theory

Back 32

Firing rate of an auditory nerve matches a sound wave's frequency.(Provides a temporal code for frequency). Volley theory

Front 33

The three approaches to perception are?

Back 33

Computational, Constructivist, Ecological

Front 34

The Computational approach:

Back 34

Focus is on how computations by the nervous system translate raw sensory stimulation into the experience of reality.

Front 35

The Constructivist approach:

Back 35

The perceptual system uses fragments of sensory information to construct an image of reality.

Front 36

The ecological approach

Back 36

Many aspects of the world are perceived automatically, without requiring higher-level analysis inferences.

Front 37

The two types of perceptual processing are....

Back 37

Top-down processing and bottom-up processing

Front 38

Top-Down Processing

Back 38

Those aspects of recognition that are guided by higher-level cognitive processes and psychological factors such as knowledge and expectations.

Front 39

Bottom-up processing...

Back 39

Aspects of recognition that depend first on the information about the stimulus that comes up to the brain from sensory receptors.

Front 40

Absolute threshold

Back 40

The minimum amount of stimulus energy that can be detected 50% of the time.

Front 41

Subliminal stimuli

Back 41

Stimuli below the absolute threshold

Front 42

Supraliminal stimuli

Back 42

Stimuli above the absolute threshold.

Front 43

Sensitivity

Back 43

Refers to our ability to pick out a particular stimulus

Front 44

Sensitivity can be influenced by...

Back 44

The intensity of the signal. The capacity of sensory systems. The amount of background stimulation(noise).

Front 45

Response criterion

Back 45

Refers to one's willingness to respond to a stimulus. Influenced by one's motivation as well as expectancies.

Front 46

Just-Noticeable Difference

Back 46

The smallest detectable difference in the stimulus

Front 47

Weber's law

Back 47

The smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus.

Front 48

Fechner's law

Back 48

Constant increases in physical energy will produce progressively smaller increases in perceived magnitude.