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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Feerless Peer technique
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watching someone else interact with the feared object -you see nothing is wrong....phobia treatment
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minumum/maximum amount of sleep
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min: 4 hrs.
max:7 1/2 to 8 hrs. |
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microsleeps
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brain goes into sleep mode with its deprived of sleep, sometimes for only a few seconds or up to minute
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What stages of sleep are necessary?
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REM and 3&4 sleep
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Stages 1
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-light sleep, theta waves, replaying events of the day
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Stage 2
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breathing becoming more regular, less sensitive to external sounds, still theta waves,ocacsional bursts of activity=sleep spindles
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Stages 3 & 4
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delta waves, extremely hard to wake someone from 3&4, deepest sleep stage
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REM (rapid eye movement)
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brain activated, beta waves, dreams, heart and respiration vary greatly
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Peter Tripp
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late 60's, went without sleep for 10 days for a radio broadcast fundraiser
symptoms:irritable, dilusional, aggresive |
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Randy Gardener
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wanted to break record for going longest without sleep, showed very mild symptoms
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Tripp vs. Gardener
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tripp drank lots of caffiene and probably on drugs contributed to bad symptoms, Gardener just stayed awake naturally so didnt have symptoms
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consequences of sleep deprivation?
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-animal tests show:skeletal, develop sores, and eventually die b.c. immune system shuts down
humans: become irritable, and less attentive, cannot think strategically |
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Familial Autosomnal Insomnia
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genetic disorder when middle aged people in family stop sleeping and eventually die in 1 1/2 - 3 yrs. caused by prion
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Gender Differences in sleep
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Men sleep sounder then women
Men sleep better with a partner then women |
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Functions 3&4 sleep
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growth hormones released:repairs muscles and helps children grow; brain tempurature regulation
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Functions of REM sleep
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1.memory consolidation:if you dont get REM sleep you will suffer at logical and conceptual tasks
2. Brain Development: required to make connections between nuerons 3.Prevents comas 4.Vigilance: we can monitor enviroment since not in such deep sleep (alarms, crying, etc) |
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Why do we dream? Fruedian Concept: Royal Road to Unconsious
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Frued believed that all dreams were suppressed urges and desires that were socially unacceptable and that you expressed these urges through dreams sybollically
evidence to disprove:animals dream, people have undisquised sex in dreams, cannot be disproved |
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Why do we dream? Hobson and McCarley: Activation Synthesis
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focuses on REM dreams,
evidence: brain imaging,and PGO spikes |
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manifest content
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the plot of a dream, the way it is remembered
ex. hunter kills threatening bear in woods |
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latent content
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what a dream symbolizes
ex:hunter=you, and bear=girlfriend |
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Night Terrors
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-occurs in Stages 3&4
-common in children -feel like a weight is on chest suffocating them, scream in sleep, cannot wake up |
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Sleepwalking/talking
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-occurs in stages 3&4
-more in boys then girls -can be triggered by stress, alcohol use, caffiene, sleep deprivation |
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SIDS
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occurs in stages 3&4
SIDS: children cannot transition for stages 3&4 to REM, very dangerous because you can go into a coma or die |
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Sleep Apnea
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occurs in 3&4 sleep
-inability to sleep and breath -seen most often in men who are overweight and snore |
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Narcolepsy
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-occurs in REM sleep
-cataplexy:sudden total lose of muscle tone -go immediatly into REM sleep |
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REM without Atonia
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-occurs in REM sleep
-act out dreams, inhibit area -preventing movement is damaged |
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Memory Myth: Memory is like a video camera
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FALSE: memory is not a literal record of what happened, it can be altered over time
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Memory Myth: Memories are stored in one place
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FALSE: different parts of memories are stored in different places in the brain, then we construct it
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Memory Myth: Memories are unalterable
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FALSE: it is easy to change distort, or to remember non-exsistant things
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Memory Myth: Emotional Events are remembered with exceptional accuracy
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FALSE: may be very inaccurate, just because it is vivid does not mean that it is real
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Gender difference in Corpus Callosum
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Larger and wider in women
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Gender Difference in naming center (vocab)
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-back of brain for men
-front of brain for women |
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Gender Difference in Hypothalamus:sexual preference
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-larger in men than in women
-larger in straight men then in gay men |
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UCR: unconditioned response
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response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex=dog salvates when sees food
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UCS: unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning ex:food which leads to salvation
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CS: conditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
ex: ringing the bell produced salvation after learning |
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CR: conditioned response
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a response that has been learned
ex: dog salvates at sound of bell |
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extinction
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process of getting rid of a conditioned response
ex:present bell and dont follow with food, dog stops salvating |
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generalization
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show a similar response to stimuli that closely resembles CS
ex: sound of bell is a different pitch, dog still salvates, but farther away pitch gets, less salvation |
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Dicrimination
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dont show the same response to a stimuli that is siffieciently different from CS
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Spontaneous Recovery
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reoccurance of the CR following extinction
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characteristics of CR
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latency:CR occurs later then UCR
Amplitude:CR is smaller then UCR Form: CR can be same as UCR or opposite |
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Little Albert
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Rat:initially nuetral
-rat then paired with scary, loud noise -created a phobia of rat CS: rat UCS: loud noise CR:fear of rat |
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Clive Wearing
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-lost ALL memory and cannot form new memories
-5 second memory span -only recognized his wife |
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H.M. Case Study
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-he was hit by a car and doctors thought they could remove hippocempi to make his epilepcy better
-siezures improved, but he couldnt form new memories -remembered his past life -remembers one new thing :watergate |
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Antergrade Amnesia
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failure to form new long term memories
-H.M. and Clive Wearing |
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Retreograde Amnesia
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failure to remember past memories
-ONLY Clive Wearing |
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Explicit Memory:Episodic and Semantic
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memory that you have conscious awareness
1.Episodic:memory for ones personal past experiances -Clive Wearing lost all episodic memory(except for wife) and H.M. remembered his past 2.Semantic:knowledge of trivial or important facts |
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Implicit Memory: Procedural and Priming
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memory w/out conscious awareness of
ex:pin prick=no shake hand 1. Procedural: classical conditioning (Dwight example) ex: mirror drawing task for H.m> 2. Priming: subliminal messages, give H.M. a list of words, 20 min. later have him fill in the blanks and he would remember words unconsciously |
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advirtising strategies
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ex: hear a song and relate it to a TV show
ex: sexy girl+car=car sells because of relationship in head between sex and car girl=UCS, car=CS |
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Which is more effective reinforcement or punishment
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reinforcement
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positive reinforcement
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giving a person a pleasent stimulus
ex: money for good grades |
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negative reinforcement
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take away an unpleaseant stimulus
ex: if you clean room you wont be grounded anymore |
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positive/presentation punishment
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give an unpleasant stimulus
ex: squirt cat with water so wont jump on table |
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negative/removal punishment
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take away a pleasant or valuable stimulus
ex:bad grades = no car |
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Bandura and Bobo Doll experiment
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-if a child saw an adult walk into a room and punch a Bobo doll they were more likely to do it
-if adult did same thing and was rewarded even more children punched Bobo doll -if adult did same thing but was punished, less to none punched Bobo doll |
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Vicarious punishment
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kids behavior is increased/decreased by watching someone else get punished/rewarded
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systematic desensitivation
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-phobia treatment
-patients are taught to relax their muscles and think about feared object, then after a while are presented with feared object in their relaxed state...think that the fear can be replaced by a new CR: relaxation |
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applications of classical conditioning
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used to create or treate phobias
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reinforcer
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stimulus that is presented after a response, increased the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
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shaping
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reiforcing behavior that is increasingly similar to desired behavior
ex:teaching a dog to roll over you reward it for anything close to rolling over |
