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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of cell receives and transmits information electro-chemically?
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Neurons
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What type of cell carries information to the central nervous system?
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Sensory Neurons
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What type of cells provide insulation and remove waste from the body? (act as the garbage can)
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Glia cells
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Resting potential is maintained by what mechanism?
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The Sodium-Potassium pump
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What is a synapse?
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A specialized junction between two neurons
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What are excitatory messages?
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They are messages that will increase the probability that the next cell will fire.
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What are inhibitory messages?
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They are messages that decrease the probability that a transmission will continue to travel
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When would an inhibitory message be used in the body?
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After a serious injury
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Does action potential travel faster depending on the size of the object?
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Yes, the closer to the brain, or, the smaller the object the faster the action potential will travel
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What are the 4 things that can happen to neurotransmitters?
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1. they can be reabsorbed by the axon that released it (called reuptake)
2. they diffuse away 3. they are removed by the body as waste 4. they remain in the synapse and attach to the receptor |
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What does the natural neurotransmitter Dopamine control?
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voluntary movements, learning and memory, and emotional arousal
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What can too much Dopamine cause in the body?
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Schizophrenia
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What does the natural neurotransmitter Acetylcholine control and where is it located?
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It controls voluntary and involuntary movements.
located in the LIMBIC system and is prevalent in the hippocampus |
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If you are lacking Acetylcholine what will happen?
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Memory is impaired, and will sometimes cause Alzheimer's disease
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What does the body's natural neurotransmitter Norepinephrine do in the body?
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It acts as a hormone and is involved in general arousal, learning, memory, and eating. Too much and too little has been linked to mood disorders.
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What does Serotonin control and what can deficiencies lead to?
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it controls emotional arousal and sleep. Deficiencies lead to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia.
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What does LSD do to Serotonin in the brain?
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LSD decreases Serotonin and as a result, hallucinations occur
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What does the natural neurotransmitter GABA do?
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it helps calm you down
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In the Peripheral nervous system, what does the Somatic System control?
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Your limbs and voluntary movements
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In the Peripheral nervous system, what does the Autonomic System control?
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The Autonomic system controls your involuntary movements and contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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What does the Central Nervous system control?
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The Brain and the Spinal Cord
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The Frontal Lobe of the brain controls:
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planning movements, working memory, and judgement
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What are the two parts of the brain located in the Frontal Lobe and what do they do?
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1. the hypothalamus- helps regulate emotion and behaviors
2. the hippocampus- memory |
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What does the temporal lobe do?
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It controls hearing, language, and advanced visual processing
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Where is the amygdala located and what does it do?
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The amygdala is located deep inside the temporal lobe and controls emotional processing
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What does the primary motor cortex control and where is it located?
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It is located at the back of the Frontal Lobe and it controls fine movements
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Where is the primary sensory cortex located and what messages does it receive?
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It is located at the front of the parietal lobe and it receives all the messages of touch from the body.
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What does the parietal lobe read?
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Body sensations
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What does the occipital lobe read?
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visual signals
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What happens in the medulla oblongata and pons?
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They contain the axons that control breathing and heart rate
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What is the job of the cerebellum?
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It is important for coordination, timing, and balance.
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What do sensory neurons do?
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They carry information from the extremities to the spinal cord
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What do motor neurons do?
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They transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
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What are the specialized cells in our body that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system?
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receptors
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The human eye was designed to detect wagelengths between ___ and ___ nm.
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400 and 700
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What do cones do in our eye?
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They see color
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What do rods do in our eye?
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They let us see in dim light
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What type of vision disorder is presbyopia?
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it comes with old age and weakens the lens which makes it harder to focus on nearby objects
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What type of vision disorder is myopia?
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it's caused by elongated eyeballs and allows a person to focus well on close objects but not far ones (aka nearsightedness)
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What type of vision disorder is hyperopia?
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It's caused by flattened eyeballs and allows a person to focus on distant objects but not close ones (aka farsightedness)
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What type of vision disorder is glaucoma?
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it is caused by increased pressure within the eyeball, causing damage to the optic nerve and loss of the peripheral vision
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What type of vision disorder is a cataract?
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Usually seen in old dogs, the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, and can be fixed by simply replacing the lens of the eye
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What does dark adaptation of the eye stimulate?
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The retinaldehydes
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What type of cells gather impulses from the rods and cones in the eye?
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bipolar cells
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Bipolar cells make synaptic contact with ________ cells and join together to form the ________ _________.
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Ganglion, Optic Nerve
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What is it called where the visual receptors cross over in the brain?
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Optic Chiasm
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If visual images conflict, which cells will be stimulated?
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Cortical Cells
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Conflicting visual messages in the brain cause what?
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Binocular Rivalry
(what we experience in optical illusions) |
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People with damage to the visual cortex loose the ability to do what?
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Imagine visual things
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What does the Young-Helmholtz theory/ the Trichromatic theory state?
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Red vs. Green
Yellow vs. Blue White vs. Black |
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What color has the longest wavelengths?
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Red
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What color has medium wavelengths?
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Green
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What color has the shortest wavelengths?
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Blue
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What did Ewald Hering do?
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He proposed the opponent-process theory and stated that there are 4 main primary colors: red, green, blue, and yellow
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What is the retinex theory?
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It says that the trichromatic and opponent-process theory don't account for our experience of color constancy (the tendency for an object to appear nearly the same color in every light)
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What percent of the population actually has colorblindness?
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4%
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What do people with protanopia color-blindess lack?
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long wavelength cones
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What do people with deuteranopia color-blindess lack?
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medium wavelenght cones
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What is the perception of frequency called?
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Pitch
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What does the auditory nerve in the ear do?
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it transmits impulses from the cochlea to the cerebral cortex
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What is in the cochlea?
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it includes the basilar membrane with hair cells and fluid pressure vibrations
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What causes conduction deafness?
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it results when 3 special bones in the ear fail to transmit sounds properly to the cochlea.
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What causes nerve deafness?
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damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve.
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What is the frequency principle?
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It allows us to hear low frequencies (up to 100 Hz)
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What is the volley principle?
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it allows us to hear between 100-400 Hz and transmits most speech and music to the brain
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What is the place principle?
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This allows us to hear over 400 Hz and vibrates hair near the stirrups. It states the LOCATION of hair cells stimulated by the sound waves.
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What is our vestibular sense?
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It helps sense balance and posture and includes semicircular canals and the otolith organs
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What do our semicircular canals do?
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They and jelly-like tubes that help us identify acceleration
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What do the otolith organs do?
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They tell us "which was is up" and they are made out of calcium carbonate particles
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What is the scientific word for taste?
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Gustation
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What is the scientific name for touch?
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Tactition, but it includes the cutaneous senses
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What are the five cutaneous senses?
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1. pressure
2. temperature 3. pain 4. vibration 5. movement and stretch of skin |
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The cutaneous senses are all apart of our ________ system!
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Somatosensory
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Where can you find the most cutaneous receptors?
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in the lips and fingertips
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What did Metzack and Wall propose?
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The Gate Theory
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What is the Gate theory?
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it states that pain messages must pass through a "gate" to get to the spinal cord and the gate can block these messages
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Endorphins are released as a response to __________.
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Substance P
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If you lack this neurotransmitter, you will be in less pain when you are injured.
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Substance P
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What chemical is present in hot peppers and can also be used in creams for muscle aches?
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Capsaicin
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The olfactory bulb is directly in contact with what system in the brain?
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The limbic system
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What is the limbic system?
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It's a place in the brain directly involved with instinct, mood, and emotion.
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Early psychologists thought it would be easy to determine the weakest possible stimuli that a person could detect (TRUE/FALSE)
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True- but as it turned out, it was very hard to determine the weakest possible stimuli a person could detect, so they were wrong
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What is signal-detection theory?
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the study of people’s tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, false alarms, and misses.
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What is subliminal perception?
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The belief that subliminal messages can influence our behavior
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What is brightness contrast?
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An object can look duller or brighter depending on its surrounding objects
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Which scientists won a Nobel Prize in 1981 for implanting electrodes into a cat's brain and identified that some parts of the brain fired for vertical bars of light and other parts of the brain fired for horizontal bars of light?
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Hubel and Weisel
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What does Gestalt psychology focus on?
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Our ability to perceive overall patterns. Visual perception is an active creation, not merely the adding up of lines and movement.
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Gestalt psychology: the principle of proximity:
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objects close together we tend to group
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Gestalt psychology: the principle of similarity:
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objects that resemble each other we tend to group
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Gestalt psychology: continuation
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we fill in the gaps, lines, or closures of familiar figures
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Gestalt psychology: good figure
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we like shapes we recognize and that make sense
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Define visual constancy
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our tendency to perceive objects as keeping their size, shape, and color even though the image that strikes our retina changes from moment to moment
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Motion-blindness comes from damage to what part of the brain?
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The temporal lobe
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What is stroboscopic movement?
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an illusion of movement created by a rapid succession of stationary images. Animation and motion pictures work by stroboscopic movement.
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How to electronic signs use the phi effect?
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your brain creates motion from rows of adjacent lights blinking on and off sequentially
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What are monocular cues for depth perception?
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It allows us to guesstimate depth using just one eye
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Interposition
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nearby objects will obstruct objects that are farther away
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Texture Gradient
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objects will seem more densely packed the farther away the objects are
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Shadows
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give clues to distance depending on their size and position
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What is motion parallax?
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Nearby objects will seem to pass faster than farther away objects
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What is accommodation for the eye?
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The lens changes shape to focus on farther away objects and objects close up
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Behaviorists insist:
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that scientists should study the observable measurable behaviors of psychology
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Methodological behaviorism
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Methodological behaviorists study only events that they can measure and observe
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Radical behaviorism
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Radical behaviorists believe that internal states are caused by events in the environment, or by genetics--we are hungry because we see food.
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Structuralists used __________ to study psychology, which behaviorists used ___________ behaviors to determine what was going on in the mind.
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introspection, measurable
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Who came up with stimulus-response psychology?
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Jacques Loeb
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Behaviorists are ________ which means they think we live in a universe of cause and effect.
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deterministic
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The process that establishes a conditioned response is called what?
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aquisition
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What did Thorndike come up with?
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Operant conditioning
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What is stimulus generalization?
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similar objects will produce similar responses (a circle and a similarly sized oval will probably make a dog do the same trick)
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Describe Discrimination or stimulus's
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occurs when someone is reinforced for responding to one stimulus but not another.
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What is belongingness or preparedness?
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When a stimulus is more readily connected with certain outcomes than with others
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Who is considered the most radical behaviorist?
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B.F. Skinner
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Skinner used the "Skinner Box" to "_______" certain tasks by reinforcing behaviors
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shape
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A reinforcement ___________ a response and a punishment ___________ a response
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increases, decreases
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Negative punishment is sometimes called
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Omission training
"Parents tell a teenager that if she breaks curfew again, she will lose her driving privileges for a month." |
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Escape learning is also known as
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Negative reinforcement
"A babysitter gives a child a cookie to stop their whining" |
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What is the Premack-Principle?
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The Premack Principle states that the opportunity to engage in frequent behavior will be a reinforcer for any less-frequent behavior
"If you eat more broccoli I'll give you more cake." |
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What is the disequilibrium principle?
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The disequilibrium principle states that each person has a preferred pattern of dividing time between various activities and if the person is removed from that pattern a return to it will be reinforcing
"A person who is forced to work overtime will work faster so that they can go back to doing their own leisure activities" |
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What did Edward Tolman prove and what was it?
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Latent Learning: animals are constantly learning, but they will produce the desired response faster when presented with a reward
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In fixed and variable ratio tests, when is the subject rewarded?
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After a certain number of responses
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In fixed and variable interval tests, when is the subject rewarded?
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After a certain amount of time
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Who conducted the "Bobo the Doll" experiment?
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Albert Bandura
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