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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning
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storage
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the retention of encoding information over time
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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sensory memory
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the intermediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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short-term memory
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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
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long-term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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working memory
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a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attengion and conscious effort
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better longterm retention than is achieved through massed study of practice
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serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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visual encoding
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the encoding of picture images
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acoustic encoding
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the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
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semantic encoding
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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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imagery
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mental pictures, a powerful aid to efforful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and oragizational devices
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, mageable units, often occurs automatically
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iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
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amnesia
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the loss of memory
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare'
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hippocampus
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a neural center that is located in the limbic system and hleps process explicit memories for storage
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recall
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a measure or memory in which the person must retrieve information leaned ealier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
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recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
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relearning
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a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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mood-congruent memory
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the tendency to recall expereinces that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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proactive interface
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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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retroactive interface
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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety -arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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source amnesia
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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
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