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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language
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our spoken, written, or gestured words and the ways we combine them to communicate
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Language Stages
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1. babbling
2. one word stage 3. two word stage 4. grammatical sentences |
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Babbling
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4-7 months of age
even deaf children begin this "bla, bla, bla" or "ma-ma-ma" any number of vocal sounds |
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Phonemes
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smallest units of vocal language and have no meaning
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Vowels
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Monopthongs
dipthoong |
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Monopthongs
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single vowel quality
example: boot, book |
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Dipthong
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vowels which manifest a clear change in quality from start to end
example: boat, bate |
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Children and
phonemes |
children can discriminate
those overheard increase in frequency those not heard decrease in frequency |
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One Word Stage
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1-2 years old
children tend to speak only in one word utterances example: ma, da, doggy, kitty naming explosion: 18 months |
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Two Word Stage
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By age 2
children speak in two word utterances nouns and verbs: nouns & adj |
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B.F. Skinner
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Harvard University
- Language is behavior - people speak because of its effects on listeners |
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Noam Chomsky
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MIT
- language is generated from within - genetic roots - everyone speaks with basic grammer |
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Behavior Language
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is an interaction of biology and environment
- we need listeners to interact with to learn language - people come biologically prepared to acquire language |
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Explanations of Behavior
(Skinner) |
proximate cause: environment
ultimate cause: ontogeny |
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Explanations of Behavior
(Chomsky) |
proximate cuase: the physiology
ultimate cause: phylogeny |
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Genie
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abused child
- kept in bedroom for 13 yrs -beaten for speaking; very little human contact -language was stunned -couldnt pick up expressive language |
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Animals & Language
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Animals don't have a language, they just communicate with one another using:
- gestures, symbols, calls and displays |
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Washoe
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Famous chimpanzee that learned sign language
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Russian Stallion
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- Hans solved advanced math problems
-Hans used unintentional cues from people to start and stop tapping |
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Cognitivism
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organism is an information processor
- behavior is organism originated |
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Behaviorism
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- organism selected by environment
- organism's behavior selected by environment |
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Memory
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base of cognition
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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created list of nonsense syllables, recited them until he was 100% correct, then retested after different delays
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Ebbinghaus Metaphor for Memory
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1. storehouse
-items stored away -items: may not get in, may decay, may not be found |
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Atikinson & Shiffrin
Model of Memory |
links between computer and human memory
"long term": hard drive "short term": RAM |
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Sensory Memory
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an immediate, initial, very brief recording of sensory information
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George Sperling
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- sensory memory
- flashed a 9x9 matrix of letters - 1/20 of a second - asked people what they saw (most people reported seeing only the first row of letters) |
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Short Term Memory
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also temporary memory, but for slightly more time than sensory memory
-size: 7 plus or minus 2 -interval: about 20 seconds |
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The Petersons
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-short term memory
- subjects read short list of 3 consonant strings, then count back from 100 by threes, after three seconds of counting only 50% recall |
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Long Term Memory
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- limitless in capacity
- limitless in retention - long term memory is far from perfect |
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Primary Effect
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Remembering the first few items learned
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Recency Effect
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remembering the most recent items learned
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Attention
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brings items from sensory memory to short term memory
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Maintenance Rehearsal
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keeps items in short term memory
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Elaborative Rehearsal
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transfers items from short term to long term memory
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Mnemonics
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memory aids
-chunking -1st letter of words -1st letters of items spell words -Hierarchical Organizations |
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Proactive Interference
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initially
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Retroactive Interference
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previously
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Elizabeth Loftus
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people use existing and new information to fill in gaps
-demonstrated that the wording of questions could alter witness's recall of events |
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Algorithms
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a rule that generates correct answer to problem given enough time and effort
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Heuristics
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a general, less costly strategy that may lead to a solution
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Trial and error
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- E.L. Thorndike demonstrated trial and error learning with cats in puzzle boxes
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Functional Fixedness
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a tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other, more creative ways
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Fixation
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keep reapplying the same solution
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Unconditioned Reinforcers
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stimuli that reinforces naturally and without relearning
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Conditioned Reinforcers
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stimuli that reinforces because it has been paired with unconditioned reinforcers
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Delayed Reinforcement
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always less reinforcing than immediate reinforcers
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Stimulus Generalization
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responding to similar stimuli can look like unintelligent behavior
example: dancing alone |
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Social Interaction
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BF Skinner
"Jack & Jill Bird Experiment" found: if everyone does their part, this can go on forever example: relationships |
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Karen Pryor
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Took dolphins that have never been trained and observed their natural behaviors. After, she started ringing a bell. Once the animal did a new behavior, the animal got a reinforcer
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Phylogeny
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an ultimate cause of behavior that works through natural selection over generations
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Otogeny
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a second ultimate cause that works refers to changes to that occur during an organisms lifetime
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Learning
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a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
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Operant Conditioning
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a type of learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcers or diminished if followed by punishers
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BF Skinner
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most associated with operant conditioning
- Harvard University - influenced by darwinian biology |
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E.L. Thorndike
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animal intelligence
- law of effect - puzzle box |
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Law Of Effect
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behaviors followed by pleasant consequences will be more likely to occur. Conversely, behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences wil be less likely to be repeated
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Skinner Box
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could study rate of behavior over time
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Shaping
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differential reinforcement of successive approximations to the target behavior
-humans can be shaped with positive verbal reinforcement |
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Fixed Ratio
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after a specified number of behaviors a reinforce is produced
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Fixed Intervals
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after a specified period of time, the next behavior produces a reinforcer
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Classical Conditioning
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association of stimuli where a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
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Ivan Pavlov
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discovered Pavlovian conditioning
-studied digestion before in Russia |
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Neutral Stimulus
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a stimulus that does not elicit the response we will be measuring
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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a stimulus that elicits a response innately; without having to be learned
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Unconditioned Response
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the innate physiological response to the unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus
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previously the neutral stimulus; it now elicits a response
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Conditioned Response
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the physiological response to the conditioned stimulus
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Pavlov
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used dogs to experiment with salivation
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Taste Aversion
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a learned aversion to something eaten; east something as a child, get sick, and then just the sight of that food makes one woozy
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Somatic
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receive information from sensory organs and controls skeletal muscles
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Central Nervous System
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brain and spinal cord
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Automatic Nervous System
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contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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Sympathetic
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expending energy
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Parasympathetic
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accumulating energy
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Neuron
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specialized cells that use elctro-chemical reactions to receive, process, and transmit information
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Synapse
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gap between two neurons
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Neurotransmitters
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what neurons stimulate each other with
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Otto Loewi
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discovers neurotransmitters
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Acetylcoline
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in brain and neuro-muscular joints
- causes muscles to contract example: black widow venom |
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Norepinephrine
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important element in sypmathetic automatic nervous system
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Agonist
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increases action
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Antagonist
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decreases effectiveness
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Dopamine
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coordination, muscle control, brain activity
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Corpus Callosum
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connects the two brain hemispheres
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Occipital
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initial visual reception
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Temperal
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receives secondary visual and auditory transmissions from occipital lobe. Determines what an object is
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Parietal
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determines objects location
-processes motion |
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Frontal
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responsible for most higher level functions, including motor control and higher thought functions
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Broca's Area
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speech production, comprehending structural complexity
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Wernickes Area
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language comprehension
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Epilepsy
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neurological disorder that causes seizures/convulsions
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