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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is consciousness?
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our ongoing awareness of our thoughts and feelings
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what is the difference between automatic and controlled consciousness?
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automatic doesn't require attention (breathing) and controlled does (playing guitar)
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What is the stroop task?
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The red blue green blocks showing that our brain can be tricked by colors and stuff
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Why does the stroop effect happen?
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-Names of words are automatically activated
-Conflict between two different things which are activated -Automatic processes are out of our awareness -Thus, there are things going on in our heads that we don’t know are there |
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What are the three states of consciousness?
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-Conscious: in the spotlight of awareness
-Preconscious: can be easily brought into awareness -Unconscious: banned from awareness. Suppressed |
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What is subliminal priming?
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-Activating thoughts or feelings without conscious awareness
*remember how kids walked slower after seeing the old people |
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What is the painting preference study? And what does it indicate?
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It is when the guy showed all the people the paintings and nodded when they said they liked landscapes so they all subconsciously started liking landscapes
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What is the subliminal mind?
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when the brain figures things out for us when we aren't even thinking about it.
ex. card game study, poster preference study |
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what are the altered states of consciousness?
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• Sleeping
• Dreams • Hypnosis • Meditation • Drugs and Alcohol |
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what happens when you start to fall asleep?
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• Thoughts become hazy
• React less to external stimuli • Muscles relax • Body temp, heart rate, and blood pressure slowly drop • Level of serotonin in brain increases |
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what are the sleep stages and what brain waves are present during them?
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• Awake: Low-voltage, high-frequency beta waves
• Drowsy: Alpha waves prominent • Stage 1 Sleep: Theta waves prominent • Stage 2 Sleep: Sleep spindles and mixed EEG activity • Slow wave sleep (stage 3 and stage 4 sleep) Progressively more delta waves (stage 4 shown) • REM sleep Low-voltage, high-frequency waves |
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What happens in stage one sleep?
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• Hypongenic sleep – there is a hypnogenic jerk, when you think you are falling or something and you jerk awake. During stage 1 sleep
• Feel a gentle falling or floating • 5-10 minutes • Won’t think you were asleep if awoken |
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What is hypogenic sleep?
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• During Hypongenic sleep – there is a hypnogenic jerk, when you think you are falling or something and you jerk awake. During stage 1 sleep
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What is stage 2 sleep like?
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• Still relatively easy to awaken
• 20 minutes |
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What are stage 3 and 4 sleep like?
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• Deep Sleep
• Slow wave sleep |
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What happens during stage 5 sleep?
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• REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
• Increase in heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption (similar to waking state) • Heightened cerebral activity • Muscle paralysis • Dreaming • 20-40 minutes in early night, up to an hour later *when you can't move in your dreams or scream or whatever |
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what is the relationship to REM sleep and how old you are?
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babies have mad REM sleep and as you get older you have less
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what is the normal sleep cycle?
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• Awake, stage 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM
• REM first occurs 90 minutes after falling asleep • Naps best if get a full cylcle- around 2 hrs |
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what is REM rebound?
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when you dont get lots of REM sleep on night and then you get more the next night
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what is the restoration function?
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• Recover from work done when animal was awake
• More exercise = more SWS • Tired if deprived of SWS • No REM = anxious and irritable - psychosis if you have long term deprivation, you see shit |
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How can sleep be used as an adaption?
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• Save energy at night when can’t get food
• Not sleeping a lot if “hunted” - if you are a hunter then you need more energy to haul ass on prey. lions sleep a lot |
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i need some percentages about dreams yo
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• 64% of dreams associated with sadness, fear, or anger
– Aggressive acts outnumbered friendly acts by 2:1 • 18% of dreams were happy or exciting • 29% of dreams were in color |
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what do we dream about?
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• Being naked when others are not or in an unusual place
• Falling • Loose or falling teeth • Taking an exam (being unprepared) • Being chased (being unable to move quickly) • Flying • Lucid Dreams (realize we are dreaming) |
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what does Freud say about dreams?
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• Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams-SEX SEX SEX
• Freud believed that dreams expressed wishes, often disguised |
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What is manifest content?
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–Conscious dream content that is remembered after awakening
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What is latent content?
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–The unconscious, uncensored meaning of a dream
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What is the activation-synthesis hypothesis?
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• During REM sleep there are random bursts of nerve cell activity
• Dreams are the way the mind makes sense of those bursts. Tells a story. • Explains why dreams can seem so random |
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What is the Epiphenomenal Memory Theory?
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• Right Brain encodes the days memories during REM sleep
– Links memories to old ones – Reestablishes neural pathways • Left brain (language center) tries to make sense of what right brain doing. Tells stories • If you don't know why you had a dream, think of what you did the day before? |
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What is Karni’s experiment about new skills and sleep?
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– 1/3 let sleep a full night
– 1/3 interrupted REM sleep – 1/3 interrupted SWS • Tested for new skill in morning if you slept all night then you did as well as the slow wave sleep people, the ones with no REM sleep sucked ass |
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What is a psychoactive drug?
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– A chemical that alters perceptions, thoughts, moods, or behaviors
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what is a physical dependence?
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– A physiological addiction in which more of drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawal
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What is psychological dependence?
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– A condition in which drugs are needed to maintain a sense of well-being or relief from negative emotions.
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What are examples of depressants and what do they do?
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Barbiturates and sedatives attach to GABA receptors, which slows the firing of your CNS neurons
– alcohol – barbiturates – tranquilizers – sedatives |
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What are the effects of alcohol?
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• Death
• Unconsciousness • Loss of motor control • Clouded judgement • Reduced motor skills • Reduced inhibitions |
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What are the long term effects of alcohol?
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• Damage to the liver
• Damage to the brain • Fetal damage |
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How do stimulants work and what are some examples?
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• Speed up the CNS
– amphetamines – cocaine – nicotine – caffeine |
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What does cocaine do?
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• Low dosage effects: intense short-term euphoria. Can be rebound
• High dosage effects: paranoia, irregular heartbeat, death • Highly addictive • Nasal membrane damage possible with long term use Do some coke or meth and you get reduced dopamine reuptake -> pleasureable sensations Also reduces norepinephrine reuptake -> increases alertness, activity |
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What do L and boomers do?
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• Molecules that mimic serotonin
• Causes marked visual hallucinations, sensory distortions • Induces powerful emotional feelings • Negative hallucinations and emotions possible • Flashbacks – fact or fiction? |
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what does x do?
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• Causes the release of serotonin and blocks the reuptake
• Effects dopamine system as well • Causes euphoria • Deaths linked to “impure” drug • Possible long term harm to serotonin and dopamine systems |
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tell me about headies
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• Relieves anxiety, inhibitions
• Can fine-tune perception • Can cause paranoid thoughts • Increases appetite • Reduces memory performance and motivation • Takes weeks to metabolize • No deaths, not physically addicting |
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what are some narcotics and what do they do?
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• Reduce pain, cause euphoria
– heroin – morphine – opium – codeine |
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what about H yeh
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• Produces powerful euphoria, deadens pain
• Highly physiologically addictive • Causes death in large doses |
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what is pavlov's apparatus
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when the dog would salivate at the ring of the bell because the bell was associated with food (conditioning)
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name the US, UR, and NS in Pavlov's experiment
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– Unconditioned Stimulus (US) elicits Unconditioned Response (UR)
• Meat leads to salivation – Neutral stimulus (NS) elicits no particular response • Bell leads to orienting response only |
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what is generalization?
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when the classically- conditioned reaction occurs to similar stimuli.
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what is aquisition?
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– Formation of a learned response to a stimulus through presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
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What is extinction? in relation to conditioning
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– Elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus
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what is spontaneous recovery?
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– Re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
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what is the conditioning cycle for horror movies?
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Scary Music (NS) neutral stimulus > Gore (UCS) > Fear (UCR)
Scary Music (CS) conditioned response > Fear (CR) unconditioned response |
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what are the 'learning factors'
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• Number of pairings
• Reliability of CS in predicting UCS • Occurrence of CS just before UCS • Timing of CS before UCS |
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what is prepared classical conditioning?
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• Organisms seem predisposed to make certain associations
ex: taste aversions (molsen, whiskey) ex: nike swoosh |
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what is an example of an operant conditioning experiment?
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• Cats put into puzzle boxes
– Slightly hungry – Food outside • Time to escape decreased over attempts • Behaviors that worked to escape were repeated – Other behaviors decreased |
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what is operant conditioning?
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• Learning associations between actions and consequences
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what is positive reinforcement?
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• Positive Reinforcement
adds good things Examples: Money, Praise, Food • Negative Reinforcement |
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what is negative reinforcement?
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• Negative Reinforcement
Taking bad things away Examples: removing pain, toothache, hunger |
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what is shaping?
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• Rewarding successively closer approximations of a desired behavior
• Useful for teaching new behaviors • Exp: puppy paper training |
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explain the relationship of rate of reinforcement
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• Continuous reinforcement: reward after every response
• Random reinforcement: only sometimes reward • Random better because if you only get rewarded once in a while then you know the association but you are still expecting to get a cookie eventually so you keep doing what you are supposed to • Exp: kids and temper tantrums, icky boyfriends/girlfriends |
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what is fixed ratio reinforcement?
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• Reward after a set number of responses
• Exp: Frequent shopper at Subway |
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what is variable reinforcement?
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• Reward after a varying number of responses
• Exp: local bakery throws in free muffin every once in a while |
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what is fixed variable reinforcement?
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• Reward after a specific time interval
• Exp: Reward at the end of a half hour of studying |
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what is variable interval reinforcement?
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• Reward after a variable time interval
• Exp: Reward at the end of a 15 minutes, then 10 minutes, then 25 |
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what are the schedules of reinforcement (graphs)?
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• Steeper lines mean higher response rates
• Ratio schedules produce higher response rates than interval schedules |
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what is observational learning?
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• Learning without direct reinforcement
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when can you forget stuff?
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• Forgetting can occur from any memory stage
• Retrieval puts information from LTM into STM • Moving information from Sensory memory to STM requires attention • Moving information from STM to LTM requires proper encoding |
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what are the aspects of sensory memory?
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• Visual sensory memory (the icon)
• Auditory sensory memory (the echo) – Very large capacity – Very short duration: • about 250 ms. for the icon • 1-2 sec. for the echo • Exp: Repeating after friend asks if you are listening |
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what are the aspects of short term memory?
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• Limited capacity -- 7 plus or minus 2 chunks
Chunk: a meaningful unit Examples: • A single letter (S) • A group of letters (FBI) • A group of words (Four score and seven years ago) • Duration of 20-30 sec., due to limited capacity & interference • Also called “working memory” |
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what are the aspects of long term memory?
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• Huge capacity
• Potentially long duration (decades) • Organized by meaning • Procedural Memory: Memory for motor skills learned through practice • Declarative Memory: Memory for facts & personal experiences |
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what is declarative memory?
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• Declarative Memory: Memory for facts & personal experiences
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what is procedural memory?
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Procedural Memory: Memory for motor skills learned through practice
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what are semantic networks?
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connects memories through a network of similar memories
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how do you improve memory through organization?
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Memory greatly enhanced by actively organizing material as it is learned
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what are the benefits of spaced practice?
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Shorter practice sessions spaced widely apart; more effective than massed practice
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what is a memonic device?
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– Strategies that can increase memory, esp. for material that is not easily organized;
– Impose an artificial structure on items that would otherwise be hard to remember |
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what is the serial position effect?
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• Subjects memorized lists of words
• Recall immediate (yellow line) or delayed (green line) • Primacy: Good recall of first items on list • Recency: Good recall for last items |
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how does environmental context effect memory?
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• Becomes encoded along with the material being remembered
• Reinstating context often increases memory • Exp: taking test in classroom, revisiting your old school |
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what is context-dependent memory?
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• Scuba divers learned words either on land or underwater
• Tested for recall on land or underwater • Recall was better in context where words had been learned |
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what is state dependent memory?
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• Internal body states are encoded with memories
• Memories easier to retrieve when these body states are entered again |
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what is the relationship of stress and memory?
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moderate stress is best for remembering things
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why do we forget things?
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• Failure to Encode: Failing to put material into LTM; Common in "forgetting" people's names
• Decay: Fading of memory through disuse; Impossible to distinguish from permanent retrieval failure |
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what is interference?
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Confusion or entanglement of similar memories
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what is motivated forgetting?
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Repression of memories, usually to avoid dealing with traumatic experiences
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what is retrieval failure?
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Inability to find the necessary memory cue for retrieval; Sometimes temporary
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what is the 'tip of the tongue' sensation? (not blow job related)
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• Example of retrieval failure
• The feeling of being on the verge of recalling something • Often you can say what letter it starts with, or how many syllables it has |
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what is reconstruction?
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• Piecing memory together from a few highlights, then filling in details based on what we think should have happened
• *All* memory is reconstructive to a degree • Explains why people disagree about what happened so often Exp: |
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what are flashbulb memories?
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• Highly vivid and enduring memories, typically for events that are dramatic and emotional
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what is childhood amnesia?
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• The inability of most people to recall events from before the age of three or four
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what part of the brain does memories?
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• The basal ganglia and the cerebellum automatic processes
• The frontal lobes conscious processes |
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what is maslow's pyramid about?
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pyramid of needs
Low level is physiological and safety needs, middle is belongingness and love, top 2 are esteem and need for self-actualization |
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what is the hunger regulation cycle?
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Eat > raises gluclose > diminished hunger > don’t eat > lowered glucose > increased hunger
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what does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?
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• The ventromedial hypothalamus inhibits hunger when blood sugar is high
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what does the lateral hypothalamus do?
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• The lateral hypothalamus stimulates eating when blood sugar is low
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what is a set point?
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the weight your body maintains most easily
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what is the ironic process (dieting)?
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dont think about the white bear
makes you want to eat food |
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what is anorexia?
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an intense fear of being fat, feel fat even when emaciated, loss of 25% of body weight
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what is bulemia?
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episodic, uncontrollable eating followed by purging
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what are warning signs of an eating disorder?
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• Deliberate self-starvation with weight loss
• Fear of gaining weight • Refusal to eat • Denial of hunger • Constant exercising • Sensitivity to cold • Absent or irregular periods • Loss of scalp hair • A self-perception of being fat when the person is really too thin |
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what are the physical repurcussions of eating disorders?
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• PHYSICAL REPERCUSSIONS FROM ONE OR BOTH DISEASES
• Malnutrition -Dehydration -Serious heart, kidney, and liver damage -Tooth/gum erosion |
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what are the psychological repurcussions of eating disorders?
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• Depression -Shame and guilt -Impaired family and social relationships -Mood swings
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what are the gender differences in sexual motivation?
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men: want to fuck a lot and many women, spread the seed bitches. marry younger women
women: want to find a mate for life, quality vs. quantity, marry older men. make less money (lol). female orgasm (woooooooh!) |
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what are the belongingness motives?
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• All Humans, across cultures, belong to small groups that involve face to face interaction
• Need for Affiliation – Desire to establish and maintain social contacts • Need for Intimacy – Desire for close relationships characterized by open and intimate communication • Self-Disclosure – Sharing of intimate details about oneself to another person |
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what happens with a lack of belonging?
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• Most traumatic event: death of close other
• Mental health – Depression – Anxiety • Physical Health – Weakened immune system – Men dying after wife – More visits to health center • Likelihood of suicide – lack of social integration. – More multiple and strong relationships = less likely to commit suicide |
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what are esteem motives?
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• Achievement Motivation
– A strong desire to accomplish difficult tasks, outperform others, and excel • Need for Power – A strong desire to acquire prestige and influence over other people |
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what is intrinsic motivation?
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– Wanting to engage in an activity for its own sake
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what is extrinsic motivation?
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doing shit for the external benefits
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what is the relationship between payment and intrinsic motivation?
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• College students had 3 sessions with puzzles
• Some were paid during the second session, others weren’t • Time spent on puzzles during breaks was covertly recorded • If people are paid for a task they already enjoy, they may lose interest in it |
