Psychology Test 1: Ch. 1

Front 1

Popular psychology industry

Back 1

sprawling network of everyday sources of information about human behavior

Front 2

Pseudoscience

Back 2

- set of claims that seems scientific but it's not
- pay attention to detail
- read fine print

Front 3

Naive Realism

Back 3

belief that we see the world precisely as it is

Front 4

Psychology as a Science

Back 4

not what you study, but how you study makes it scientific

Front 5

Communalism

Back 5

a willingness to share our findings with others

Front 6

Disinterestedness

Back 6

attempt to be objective when evaluating evidence

Front 7

Confirmation bias

Back 7

the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and neglect or distort evidence that contradicts them

Front 8

Belief perseverence

Back 8

refers to the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs, even when evidence contradicts them.

Front 9

Scientific theory

Back 9

an explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world, including the psychological world

Front 10

Hypothesis

Back 10

specific and testable prediction derived from a theory

Front 11

Critical thinking

Back 11

set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion

Front 12

Scientific skepticism

Back 12

approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind, but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

Front 13

Oberg's Dictum

Back 13

be open minded but not to open minded

Front 14

Extraordinary claims

Back 14

need extraordinary evidence

Front 15

falsifiability

Back 15

capable of being disprove, testable

Front 16

occam's razor

Back 16

if two explanations account equally well for a phenomenon, we should generally select the simpler one

Front 17

replicability

Back 17

findings can be duplicated consistently

Front 18

ruling out rival hypothesis

Back 18

get rid of other variables

Front 19

correlation-causation fallacy

Back 19

the fact that two variables are correlated doesn't necessarily mean that one causes the other

Front 20

Signs of Pseudoscience

Back 20

1. Overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypotheses: after the fact change of claim
2. Lack of self-correction: pushing a fact even proven wrong
3. Exaggerated claims: tend to promise remarkable or dramatic cures
4. Overreliance on anecdotes
5. Evasion of peer review
6. Absence of connectivity
7. Psychobabble

Front 21

rational thinking

Back 21

thinking that relies on careful reasoning and objective analysis

Front 22

experiential thinking

Back 22

thinking that depends on intuitive judgments and emotional reactions

Front 23

transcendental temptation

Back 23

the desire to alleviate our anxiety by embracing the lofty promises of the supernatural

Front 24

pareidolia

Back 24

tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli

Front 25

apophenia

Back 25

tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena

Front 26

Logicl fallacies

Back 26

traps in thinking that can lead to mistaken conclusions

Front 27

emotional reasoning fallacy

Back 27

the error of using out emotions as guides for evaluating the validity of a claim

Front 28

bandwagon fallacy

Back 28

the error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it

Front 29

either-or-fallacy

Back 29

error of framing a question as though we can answer it in only one of two extreme ways

Front 30

bias blind spot

Back 30

lack of awareness of our biases, coupled with an awareness of others' biases

Front 31

opportunity cost

Back 31

investment of time, energy, and effort in a questionable treatment that can lead people to forfeit the chance to obtain an effective treatment