Psychology Test 1

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

Scientific Study of behavior and mental proccesses.

Front 2

Psychologists

Back 2

Ph.D
4-6 years of graduate school

Front 3

Clinical Psychologists

Back 3

work with relatively serious problems involving mental and behavioral disorders.
Example: schizophrenia, bi polar.
-Single largest subgroup of psychologists

Front 4

Counseling Psychologist

Back 4

work with less serious problems in living.
Exampe: maritial therapy, vocational guidance

Front 5

Educational Psychologist

Back 5

study processes related to learning, remembering and thinking.
-train teachers and design curriculm.

Front 6

School Psychologist

Back 6

work directly with the students experiencing learning problems or emotional problems.
-also work with students, parents and teachers.

Front 7

Industrial/organizational Psychologist

Back 7

Study problems involving work in organizational settings.

Front 8

Social Psychologist

Back 8

Study how the individual is influenced by the social environment.
Some topics: aggression, helping behavior, attraction.

Front 9

Personality Psychologist

Back 9

Study differences among people with respect to traits.
Example: extroversion, conscientiousness, emontional stability

Front 10

Developmental Psychologist

Back 10

Study the hanges that take place as people age.

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Experimental Psychologist

Back 11

Investigate basic psychological processes such as learning, memory and sensation.
*major emphasis on experimental method

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Independent Variable

Back 12

Condition which is manipulated by the researcher to see if it has an effect on the dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

Back 13

Some aspect of the subjects performance which is measured to see if it has been affected by the independent variable.

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Experiment

Back 14

Research technique in which an investigator deliberately manipulates events and then measures the effects of those manipulations on subsequent behavior.
-in an experiment the researcher should exercise a high level of control

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#1 Characteristic of an Experiment

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1. Atleast two groups of subjects:
experimental group-recieves the treatment of interest
control group- does not revieve the treatment of interest

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#2 Characteristic of an Experiment

Back 16

2. Subjects are randomly assigned to treatment condtions- so that groups are similar to each other before the study begins.

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#3 Characteristic of an Experiment

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3. Groups are treated similarly -so that the only difference between the groups involves the independent variable.

Front 18

Correlational Research

Back 18

-Researcher simply measures one naturally occuring variable
-Determines whether it is related to a second naturally occuring variable.

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Correlation Coefficient

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A number which represents the nature of the relationship between two variables.

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#1 Characteristics of Correlation Coefficients

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1. Size of the coefficient
r may range nfrom -1.00 through 0.00 through +1.00
-larger the sixe of the coefficient/in absolute magnitude...the stronger the relationship.
.00-no relationship
.10-weark relationship
.70. -strong relationship
1.00- perfect relationship
-.70 is just as strong as +.70

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#2 Characteristic of Correlation Coefficients

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2. Sign of the correlation
-positive or negative.
Postivie- as values on one varibale increase, values on the second variable also increase.
Negative- as values on one variable increase values on a second variable decrease.

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Correlational Research

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generally provides week evidence of cause and effect.why?
- nothing is manipulated
-nothing is controlled
- so it is usually possible to generate alternative explainations for research findings.

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Conclusion

Back 23

Correlational research does not provide the strongest evidence of cause and effect relationships why?
-carefully controlled experiments provide stronger evidence of cause and effect relationships.

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Central Nervous System

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Brain and Spinal Cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

Back 25

neural networks that fan out from the civs.
-not in brain or spinal cord.

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Somatic Divison

Back 26

responsible for sensation and voluntary movement.

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Autonomic Division

Back 27

responsible for generally involuntary processes.

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Sympathetic Divison

Back 28

prepares the body to deal with an emergency.
-fight or flight
-increased heart rate

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Parasympathetic Division

Back 29

-allows the body to relax
-heart rate decreases
-blood goes to internal organs
-digestion increases.

Front 30

Autonomic Division

Back 30

Proccesses are not always involuntary
-biofeedback
-information about ones internal biological procceses.

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Neurons

Back 31

-individual cells that are the smallest units of the nervous system
-allow communication

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Cell Body(soma)

Back 32

Controls: Oxygen utilization, energy production.

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Dendrites

Back 33

short fibers that branch out fromt he cell body and recieve incoming messages.
-many

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Axon

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single fiber that sends otu going messages from the cell body to other neurons.
-a single fiber that may branch
-most 1-2 inches
-ends at an axon terminal

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Synaptic Cleft

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soace between axon terminal of one neuron and dendrites of next neuron.

Front 36

Neurotransmitters

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chemicals which travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit activity in the next neuron.
examples: dopamine-
high levels: schizophrenia
Serotonin-
low levels: o.c.d

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Action Potential

Back 37

proccess by which a neuron is depolarized in a surge running down the length of an axon.
-when a neuron fires.

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Neuron Firing Rates

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Number of action potentials per second
-neurons normally fire at a base rate
-change firing rate to communicate information

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Morphine:

Back 39

Endorphines: chains of amino acids that act like neurotransmitters.
-reduce the perception of pain

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Medulla

Back 40

Breathing, heartbeat, digestion

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Reticular Formation

Back 41

Leaves of arousal, sleeping cycles
-sleep patient

Front 42

Thalamus

Back 42

regulates & relays sensory messages to appropriate parts of brain.
-sense and smell

Front 43

Hypothalamus(below thalamus)

Back 43

eating, drinking, sleeping. "pleasure centers"

Front 44

Cerebellum(base of back of brain)

Back 44

coordination & balance. Links sensory systems to higher cortical areas.

Front 45

Corpus Callosum (center of brain)

Back 45

broad band of fibers which links the right and left(strong with language) hemispheres.
-split brain studies
-hempispheric specialization

Front 46

Hippocampus

Back 46

Regulates emotion and the formation of new memories. When damaged, patients can often recall events prior to the damage..but cannot form new memories.
Example: Drew barrymore in 50 first dates

Front 47

Frontal Lobes(most important to humans/evolved most recently)

Back 47

Planning; self-awareness, thinking;decision-making; problem solving;
- control of muscles
-jim bradey
-phineas gage
-frontal labotomy- surgical procedure to seperate the most forwared part of the frontal love from the rest of the cortex. minmize there dysfuntion and calm their moods.

Front 48

Parietal Lobes

Back 48

-Body Sensation
-Touch
-Body Position

Front 49

Occipital Lobes

Back 49

Vision

Front 50

Temporal Lobes

Back 50

-Hearing
-Language (in left temporal lobe in most people)