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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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encoding
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process of acquiring information and entering it into memory
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storage
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the process of maintaining information in memory over time
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retrieval
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process of recalling information stored in memory
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information processing model
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suggested that in order for information to become firmly embedded in memory, it must pass through three stages of mental processing: sensory, short-term and long term
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sensory memory
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memory that holds large amounts of incoming information long enough to connect once impression to the next
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short-term memory
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maintenance component of working memory which holds unrehearsed information for a limited time
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working memory
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part of the memory system allows us to mentally work with or manipulate information being held in short term memory
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maintenance rehearsal
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repeating information over and over to keep active in short term memory
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elaborative rehearsal
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memorization method that involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long term
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chunking
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stimuli that are perceived as one unit or as meaningful grouping of information
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long-term memory
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a relatively long lasting stage of memory whose capacity to store new information is believed to be unlimited
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episodic memory
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memory of an event that happened while one was present
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semantic
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memory containing generalized knowledge of the world
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procedure
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memory containing information about how to do things
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explicit
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process in which people intentionally try to remember something
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implicit
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the unintentional influence of prior experiences
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serial position curve
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which shows the chances of recalling words appearing in a list
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primacy effect
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recall of the first two or three items in the beginning
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recency effect
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recall of the last few items in a list
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retrieval cues
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a stimulus that aids the recall or recognition of information stored in memory
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encoding specificity principle
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stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on the degree to which it taps into information that was encoded at the time
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context-dependent memory
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memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled
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state-dependent memory
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memory that is aided or impended by a persons internal state
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constructive memory
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memory is affected by what we experience, but also by what we already know about the world
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interference
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the process through which either the storage or the retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information
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retroactive interference
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a cause of forgetting in which new information placed en memory interferes with the ability to recall information already in memory
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proactive
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a cause of forgetting in which information already in long-term memory interferes with the ability to remember new information
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false memories
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distortions of actual events and recall of events that never happened
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anterograde amnesia
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a loss of memory for events after a brain injury
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retrograde amnesia
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a loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury
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koraskoffs syndrome
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a disorder that usually occurs in chronic alcoholics
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mnemonics
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strategies for placing information in an organized context in order to remember it
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distributive practice
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studying for one hour a day for a week
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massed practice
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cramming information in one night
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flashbulb memories
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vivid recollections of personally significant events, like a snapshot, seem to preserve all the details of the moment
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