Psychology Test 1

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excited by the fact that psychology applied scientific approach to age-old questions about the nature of human beings

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William James

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The scientific study of mind and behavior

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psychology

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our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings

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mind

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observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

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behavior

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The case of Elliot--brain tumor--cognitive abilities intact but unable to feel emotions

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Neurologist Antonio Damasio found the mind often trades accuracy for speed and versatility producing "mind bugs"

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occasional malfunctions in our otherwise-efficient mental processing

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mindbugs

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certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

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Plato's nativism

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all knowledge is acquired

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Aristotle's philosophical empiricism based on "tabula rasa"

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First to argue mind and body are fundamentally different

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French philosopher Rene Descartes

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Argued the mind and body are not different, but the body IS what the brain DOES

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British philosopher Thomas Hobbes

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Thought minds and brains linked through glands and developed the psychological theory of phrenology

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Franz Joseph Gall

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theory which suggested that psychological capacities and traits were located in particular parts of the brain

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phrenology (Gall)

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Suggested the mind is grounded in the material processes of the brain. Worked with a brain-damaged person who could comprehend but no produce the spoken language

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surgeon Paul Broca

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Measured a person's reaction times to different stimuli to estimate the lenght of time it takes a nerve impulse to travel to the brain (surprisingly found it was not instantaneous like previously thought)

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Hermann von Helmholtz

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founded the first lab devoted exclusively to psychology in Germany

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Wilhelm Wundt

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believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness

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Wilhelm Wundt

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a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind

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consciousness

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The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

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Structuralism (created by Wundt)

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a method used to systymatically analyze consciousness. aka:the subjective observation of one's own experience

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introspection

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brought structuralism to US, setting up lab at Cornell

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Edward Titchener

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This approach gradually faded because the introspective method could not provide replicable results

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structuralist

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disagreed with Wundt; believed consciousness could not be broken down into separate elements

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William James

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the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

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functionalism

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contributed to the growth of psycho in NAmerica. Founded continent's first psychology lab at Johns Hopkins, the first academic journal devoted to psych, and the first profession org. (Am Psych Assoc)

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G. Stanley Hall

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believed that as children develop they pass thtough stages that repeat the evolutionary history of the human race

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G. Stanley Hall

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pondered illusion of motion after a train ride

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Max Wertheimer findings led to Gestalt

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a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

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Gestalt Psychology (opposed structuralism--idea that experience can be broken down into separate elements)

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Felida X-the occurrence of two or more distinct identities within the same individual

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dissociative identity disorder

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an approach to understand human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

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humanistic psychology introduced by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

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Approach characterized by the 20th century that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior

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Behaviorism

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studied under James Angell (a functionalist) but found introspection too subjective

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John Watson

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wrote influential book The Animal Mind, developed a theory of consciousness, and contributed to the development of psychology as a profession

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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Influenced by Washburn after realizing that animals who couldn't talk could portray subjective experience led to focus on behavior

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Watson

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Stimulus-response psychology: the sounding of a tone stimulated dogs' salivation

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Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov

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the consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again

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reinforcement

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built conditioning chamber--rats push bar at increasing rate for food until no longer hungry; trained pigeons to play ping-pong

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B.F. Skinner and the Skinner box--animals learn by interacting with its environment

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the scienfitif study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

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cognitive psychology

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found research partipants remembered what SHOULD have happened or EXPECTED to happen vs what DID happen

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Bartlett--memory is not perfect recall; powerfully influenced by our knowledge, beliefs, hopes, aspirations, and esires

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removed parts of brain and studied animal behavior to attempt to find specific area where learning occurs (no one spot) led to behavioral neuroscience

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Karl Lashley

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the field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

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cognitive neurscience

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approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

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evolutionary psychology

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subfield of psych that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior

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social psychology

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the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members

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cultural psych

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culture makes little or no difference for most psychological phenomena

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absolutism-"honesty is honesty and depression is depression"

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psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures and should be viewed only in the context of a specific culture

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relativism-in western cultures depressed people tend to devalue themselves whereas depressed people in eastern cultures do not

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first woman elected apa pres

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mary whiton calkins

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first af am to hold a PhD in psych from clark university

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Francis Cecil Sumner