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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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developmental psychology
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field in which psychologists study how people grow and change throughout the life span - from conception through infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and until death.
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maturation
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automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals.
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critical period
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stage or point in development during which a person or animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior pattern
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reflex
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an involuntary reaction or response, such as swallowing
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infancy
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period from birth to the age of two years
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childhood
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period from 2 years to adolescence
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attachment
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emotional ties that form between people, keep people together
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stranger anxiety
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fear of strangers that infants commonly display
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separation anxiety
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distress that is sometimes experienced by infants when they are separated from their primal caregivers
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contact comfort
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the instinctual need to touch and be touched by something soft, such as skin or fur
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imprinting
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process by which some animals form immediate attachments during a critical period
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authoritative
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parents combine warmth with positive kinds of strictness
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authoritarian
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a leadership or parenting style that stresses unquestioning obedience
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self-esteem
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value or worth people attach to themselves
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unconditional positive regard
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a consistent expression of esteem for the basic value of a person
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conditional positive regard
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an expression of esteem given only when an individual has exhibited suitable behavior
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assimilation
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the process by which new information is placed into pre-existing categories
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accommodation
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the process of adjusting existing ways of thinking to encompass new information, ideas, or objecs
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sensorimotor stage
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according to Piaget, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activites
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object permanence
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the awareness that people and objects continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived
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preoperational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not think yet logically
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conservation
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according to Piaget, the principle that the properties of substances remain the same despite changes in their shape or arrangement
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egocentrism
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in Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to understand another's point of view
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concrete-operational stage
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according to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development during which children acquire the ability to think logically
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formal-operational stage
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according to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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preconventional moral reasoning
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according to Kohlberg, a level of moral development in which moral judgments are based on fear of punishment or desire for pleasure
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conventional moral reasoning
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the level of moral development at which a person makes judgments based on conventional standards of right and wrong
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postconventional moral reasoning
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according to Kohlberg, a level or moral development during which moral judgments are derived from a person's own moral standards
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adolescent growth spurt
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a sudden, brief burst of physical growth during which adolescents typically make great gains in height and weight
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puberty
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the period of sexual maturation; the onset of one's ability to reproduce
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primary sex characteristics
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the organs that make sexual reproduction possible, such as the ovaries and testes
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secondary sex characteristics
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sexual characteristics that are not involved in reproduction, such as the growth of facial hair in males and the rounding of hips and breasts in females
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menarche
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a female's first menstrual period
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cliques
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a small, exclusive group of people within a larger group
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crowds
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large groups of people who share attitudes and a group identity
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identity crisis
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a period of inner conflict during which one examines one's values and makes decisions about one's life direction
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identity status
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according to Marcia, one of four reaction patterns or processes in the development of identity during adolescence
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identity moratorium
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a period of time in the development of identity in which a person delays making a decision about important issues but actively explores various alternatives
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identity foreclosure
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the act of making a commitment based on other's values in order to avoid an identity crisis
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identity diffusion
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the constant search for meaning and identity without committing oneself to a set of personal beliefs or an occupational path
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identity achievement
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a stage in identity development in which a person has committed to an occupational direction and made decisions about important life questions
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anorexia nervosa
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an eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss due to self-starvation
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bulimia nervosa
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an eating disorder in which enormous quantities of food are consumed and then purged by means of laxatives or self-induced vomiting
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juvenile delinquency
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a violation of the law committed by a child or adolescent
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status offenses
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actions that are illegal when committed by a minor, such as consuming alcohol
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patriarchy
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a social organization marked by the supremacy of males in the clan or family
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generativity
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according to Erikson, the ability to create, originate, and produce throughout adulthood
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midlife transition
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a period in middle adulthood when a person's perspective on his or her life may change significantly
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midlife crisis
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a turning point experienced by many people between ages 45 to 65, when they realize that life may be half over and they feel trapped in meaningless life roles
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empty-nest syndrome
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a sense of depression and a loss of purpose that some parents experience when the youngest child leaves home
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menopause
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the cessation of menstruation; also, the biological changes that a woman experiences during the years of her declining ability to reproduce
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programmed theories
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the view that aging is the result of genetics
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cellular damage theories
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the view that aging occurs because body cells lose the capacity to reproduce and maintain themselves as a result of damage
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free radical
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an unstable molecule present in the human body that is thought by some scientists to be a cause of aging
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cross-linking
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a possible cause of aging in which proteins within a cell bind together, toughening body tissues and eventually leading to the breakdown of various bodily processes
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dementia
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a serious loss of cognitive function
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senile dementia
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a decrease in mental ability that sometimes occurs after the age of 65
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Alzheimer's disease
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an irreversible, progressive brain disorder characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning
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ego integrity
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according to Erikson, a strong sense of identity during late adulthood that is characterized by the wisdom to accept the fact that life is limited
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hospice
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a type of care for terminally ill patients; an organization that provides such care
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euthanasia
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the act of killing or enabling the death of a hopelessly sick or injured individual in a relatively painless way; also called mercy killing
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living wills
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legal documents in which the signer requests to be allowed to die rather than be kept alive by artificial means if disabled beyond a reasonable expectation of recovery
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bereaved
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suffering from the death of a loved one
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