Psychology Summer Study

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Behavior genetics is the study "of

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genetic and environmental influences on behavior. (p. 96)

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In behavior genetics

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environment refers to every
nongenetic, or external, influence on our traits and behaviors. (p. 96)

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Chromosomes are

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threadlike structures made of DNA molecules, which contain the genes. In conception, the 23 chromosomes in the egg are
paired with the 23 chromosomes in the sperm.

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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is a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (p. 96)

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Genes are

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the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; they are segments of the DNA molecules capable of synthesizing a protein. (p. 96)

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A genome is

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the complete set of genetic instructions for making an organism. (p. 96)

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Identical twins

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develop from a single fertilized
egg that splits in two and therefore are genetically identical. (p. 97)

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Fraternal twins

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develop from two separate eggs
fertilized by different sperm and therefore are no more genetically similar than ordinary siblings. (p.98)

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Temperament

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refers to a person's characteristic
emotional reactivity and intensity. (p. 102)

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Heritability

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is the proportion of variation among
individuals in a trait that is attributable to genetic factors. Current estimates place the heritability of intelligence at about 50 to 70 percent. (p. 102)

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An interaction occurs when

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the effects of one factor (such as environment) depend on another factor such as heredity). (p. 105)

Example: Because the way people react to us (an environmental factor) depends on our genetically
influenced temperament (a genetic factor), there is an interaction between environment and heredity.

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Molecular genetics

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is the subfield of biology that seeks to identify the specific genes that influence specific human traits and behaviors. (p. 105)

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Evolutionary psychology

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is the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection, (p. 107)

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Natural selection

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is the evolutionary principle
that traits that contribute to reproduction and survival are the most likely to be passed on to
succeeding generations. (p. 108)

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Mutations

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are random errors in gene replication
that are the source of genetic diversity within a species. (p. 108)

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Gender

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refers to the biological and social characteristics by which people define male and female. (p. 110)

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A culture

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is the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to
the next. (p. 119)

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Norms

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are understood social prescriptions, or
rules, for accepted and expected behavior. (p. 120)

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Personal space

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refers to the buffer zone, or mobile territory, that people like to maintain
around their bodies. (p. 120)

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Individualism

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is giving priority to personal goals
over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification. (p. 121)

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Collectivism

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is giving priority to the goals of
one's group, and defining one's identity accordingly. (p. 121)