Psychology Study Guide Test 3

Front 1

classical conditioning

Back 1

type of conditioning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli and produce a response

Front 2

ivan pavlov

Back 2

scientist who studied classical conditioning with dogs

Front 3

unconditioned stimulus

Back 3

stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Front 4

unconditioned response

Back 4

unlearned natural response to a natural stimulus

Front 5

conditioned stimulus

Back 5

stimulus that was originally irrelevant, but after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a response

Front 6

conditioned response

Back 6

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Front 7

acquisition

Back 7

initial stage of classical conditioning in which a neutral stimulus associated with a unconditioned stimulus come to elicit a conditioned response

Front 8

extinction

Back 8

diminishing of a condition response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

Front 9

john watson

Back 9

founded the psychology school of behaviorism

Front 10

little albert experiment

Back 10

experiment by watson in which a baby was conditioned to fear white, furry things by first pairing them with a loud noise

Front 11

operant conditioning

Back 11

type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Front 12

thorndike's law of effect

Back 12

rewarded behavior is likely to recur

Front 13

skinner box

Back 13

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food reinforcer, with attached devices to record results

Front 14

positive reinforcement

Back 14

stimulus that is added after a behavior to reinforce that behavior; praise, getting a paycheck, etc

Front 15

negative reinforcement

Back 15

stimulus that increases a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus; taking tylenol to get rid of a headache, wearing seatbelt to stop beeping, etc

Front 16

positive punishment

Back 16

administers an aversive stimulus; spanking, parking ticket

Front 17

negative punishment

Back 17

withdraws a positive stimulus; time-out, grounding, revoked license

Front 18

schedules of reinforcement

Back 18

after doing a certain behavior so many times, a reward is given

Front 19

continuous reinforcement

Back 19

reward is given every time in this schedule

Front 20

partial reinforcement

Back 20

reward is only given part of the time in this schedule; slower acquisition but great resistance to extinction

Front 21

intrinsic motivation

Back 21

the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Front 22

extrinsic motivation

Back 22

the desire to perform a behavior for rewards or threats or for others

Front 23

observational learning

Back 23

learning by observing others

Front 24

mirror neurons

Back 24

frontal lobe neurons tha fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Front 25

albert bandura's bobo doll experiment

Back 25

some children watch a model act agressively toward a toy, then they show even more aggression toward that toy. the children who did not see the model were not violent with the toy

Front 26

prosocial effects of modeling

Back 26

helping others, acting according to strong morals, humanitarianism

Front 27

antisocial effects of modeling

Back 27

violence on tv leads to violence in real life, school shooting threats based on what happened at columbine

Front 28

flashbulb memory

Back 28

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Front 29

memory

Back 29

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Front 30

constructed memories

Back 30

false memories that are implanted in individuals that eventually come to be regarded as real memories; this shows that memory is malleable

Front 31

effect of stress

Back 31

heightened emotions make for stronger memories but continues stress can also disrupt memory

Front 32

information processing model

Back 32

3 stage model that includes sensory memory, short term/working memory, and long term memory

Front 33

sensory memory

Back 33

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Front 34

working memory

Back 34

newer understanding of the short term memory that involves conscious active processing of incoming info and also of retrieved info

Front 35

short term memory

Back 35

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the info is stored or forgotten

Front 36

long term memory

Back 36

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Front 37

capacity of working memory

Back 37

around 7 items for about 20 seconds

Front 38

chunking

Back 38

organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically

Front 39

acronyms

Back 39

examples of this type of mnemonic: FBI, CIA, KFC; using the first letters of each word in a phrase to better remember the phrase

Front 40

capacity of long term memory

Back 40

unlimited capacity

Front 41

encoding information

Back 41

some info is automatically processed, while novel info must be given attention and effort to retain

Front 42

semantic encoding

Back 42

encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

Front 43

acoustic encoding

Back 43

encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words

Front 44

visual encoding

Back 44

encoding of picture images

Front 45

retroactive interference

Back 45

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

Front 46

hippocampus

Back 46

explicit memories for facts and episodes are processed in this part of the brain and then fed to other brain regions for storage

Front 47

proactive interference

Back 47

the diruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

Front 48

mnemonics

Back 48

developed by ancient Greek scholars and orators as aids to remembering lengthy passages; memory aids

Front 49

link method

Back 49

to remember a list of items in order, make up a crazy story about them that contains the words in order

Front 50

method of loci

Back 50

to remember a list of items, visualize them in different locations

Front 51

peg method

Back 51

remember a jingle: one-bun, two-shoe, three-tree, etc; then connect the words to remember to the bun, shoe, etc

Front 52

context effects

Back 52

remember more in the context in which you learn

Front 53

consciousness

Back 53

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Front 54

3 kinds of consciousness

Back 54

sleep, hynosis, drugs

Front 55

biological rhythms/clocks

Back 55

periodic physiological fluctuations caused by internal biological clocks

Front 56

annual cycles

Back 56

yearly cycles in which bears hibernate, geese migrate, etc

Front 57

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Back 57

depressed mood during winter's dark months

Front 58

28 day cycles

Back 58

monthly cycles in which the female menstrual cycle occurs

Front 59

24 hour cycles

Back 59

daily cycles in which all humans and animals go through stages of waking and sleeping

Front 60

circadian rhythms

Back 60

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle

Front 61

90 minute sleep cycles

Back 61

go through various stages of sleep in 90 minutes

Front 62

beta waves

Back 62

fast brain waves that occur when an individual in awake and alert

Front 63

alpha waves

Back 63

relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state

Front 64

theta waves

Back 64

slow regular waves of early light sleep

Front 65

delta waves

Back 65

large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Front 66

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

Back 66

a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

Front 67

sleep theories

Back 67

theories as to why we sleep

Front 68

sleep protects

Back 68

theory that says sleeping in darkness when predators loom kept ancestors out of harms way

Front 69

sleep recuperates

Back 69

theory that says that sleep restores and repairs brain tissue

Front 70

sleep helps memory

Back 70

theory that says that sleep restores and rebuilds fading memories

Front 71

sleep helps growth

Back 71

theory that says that the pituitary gland releases growth hormone during sleep

Front 72

effects of sleep deprivation

Back 72

effects include: fatigue/death, impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, greater vulnerability

Front 73

sleep disorders

Back 73

inability to sleep properly

Front 74

somnambulism

Back 74

sleepwalking

Front 75

nightmares

Back 75

frigtening dreams that wake a sleeper from REM sleep

Front 76

night terrors

Back 76

sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions

Front 77

narcolepsy

Back 77

over powering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up

Front 78

sleep apnea

Back 78

failure to breathe when asleep

Front 79

dream theories

Back 79

theories of dreams

Front 80

freud's wish fulfillment

Back 80

dreams provide a psychic safety valve, expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings

Front 81

information processing

Back 81

dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories

Front 82

physiological function

Back 82

regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

Front 83

activation synthesis

Back 83

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

Front 84

cognitive theory

Back 84

dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development-knowledge and understanding

Front 85

manifest content

Back 85

remembered content in dreams

Front 86

latent content

Back 86

deeper layer dream content that has hidden meaning

Front 87

sensation

Back 87

detection of physical energy or stimuli from the environment and conversion into neural

Front 88

perception

Back 88

interpretation of our sensations

Front 89

bottom up processing

Back 89

analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind

Front 90

top down processing

Back 90

info processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct percetions drawing on our experience and expectations

Front 91

psychophysics

Back 91

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

Front 92

absolute threshold

Back 92

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Front 93

signal detection theory

Back 93

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background noise; assumes there is no single absolute threshold

Front 94

selective attention

Back 94

perceptions and objects change from moment to moment

Front 95

sensory adaptation

Back 95

diminshed sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Front 96

inattentional blindness

Back 96

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Front 97

change blindness

Back 97

failure to notice change in the environment around us

Front 98

connection of smell and memory

Back 98

there is a close connection between brain areas that process smell and those involved in memory storage

Front 99

perceptual illusions

Back 99

illusions designed to help us understand how perception is organized

Front 100

grouping

Back 100

perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into conherent groups

Front 101

depth perception

Back 101

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-demensional; allows us to judge distance

Front 102

size-grouping relationship

Back 102

things appear bigger because of distance